The Nobel Prize for Medicine is a landmark

After five years of hard work, Ronald Ross discovered the parasitic nature of mosquitoes that transmit malaria, and was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Mechanism for transmission of malaria

Scientist Ronald Ross began studying malaria in 1892 in India. His discovery of the malaria parasite in a mosquito's gastrointestinal tract in 1897 proved that malaria transmitted by mosquitoes laid the foundation for a way to combat the disease.

Cures for diabetes

In 1921, Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Best demonstrated a substance called trypsin that inhibits the production of insulin in the pancreas. Scientists know that insulin deficiency is the cause of diabetes, but cannot find a way to prevent it. In the lab, Frederick and Charles have successfully extracted insulin from dogs to treat human diabetes.

In early 1922, diabetic 14-year-old Leonard Thompson, in a coma, was tested for insulin injections by Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Best. The patient recovered quickly, extending his life for another 13 years. Frederick and Charles delegated patent rights to a committee at the University of Toronto, not receiving any resources. Insulin therapy is currently widely used in the world to treat diabetes.

Frederick Banting, then 32 years old, became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1923.

Classification of blood type

In the mid-1900s, blood transfusion was not performed due to incompatible blood of transfusions and recipients. In 1901, Karl Landsteiner marked a remarkable milestone in the history of medicine when he discovered 4 blood types A, B, O and AB, classified by antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Karl's discovery of blood types eliminates the risk of transfusions. Seven years after Karl's discovery, the first blood transfusion was performed successfully in New York (USA). Karl Landsteiner was named the "father of immunology" and was honored at the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1930.

Karl Landsteiner used his own blood to experiment.(Photo: ThoughCo).

The law of genetics linked sex

Physiologist and geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan is considered to be the " father of modern genetics" , being the first scientist to use fruit flies in genetic research. After studying tens of thousands of fruit flies, he came up with the concept of genes, mapping the distribution of genes on chromosomes.

The name of Thomas Hunt Morgan is associated with the name of Gregor Mendel, the pioneers in genetics.

In 1933, Thomas Hunt Morgan was honored at the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his discovery of the role of chromosomes in genetics.

Discover about Penicillin

Alexander Fleming once placed a petri-filled dish on the hospital desk and stumbled upon a mold growing around him, preventing the growth of bacteria. Thanks to this discovery, he discovered Penicillin - a substance found in mold cells, killing or disrupting the growth of bacteria.

In the mid-1940, Ernst Boris Chain and Howard Walter Florey and their colleagues successfully prepared a pure form of Penicillin. This is the first antibiotic used by humans and is widely used in modern medicine.

Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Howard Walter Florey shared the Medicine Prize in 1945.

In Vitro Fertilisation

Patrick Steptoe and Robert G. Edwards have found a solution for infertile, infertile couples who want to have children. Robert Edward proposed in vitro fertilization (IVF), which fertilizes eggs with sperm outside the body and implants the resulting embryo into the mother's womb. The IVF method then faced a wave of public outcry, believing that it broke social ethical standards.

11:47 pm on 25/7/1978, when Louise Brown was born at Oldham Hospital thanks to artificial insemination, the new IVF method officially set a successful milestone. The probability of successful conception by IVF technique is 20%, equivalent to the probability of natural conception.

In 2010, Patrick Steptoe and Robert G. Edwards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Robert G. Edwards (left) and Patrick Steptoe.(Photo: Semantic Scholar).

Immunotherapy for cancer treatment

James P. Allison realized that the release of immune cells may stimulate the ability to attack tumors, thus investigating a protein that acts as an immunosuppressant. He developed this idea into a new approach to treat cancer patients.

Scientist Tasuku Honjo also discovered a protein in immune cells that acts as an inhibitor but has a different mechanism of action. His findings-based treatments are very effective against cancer.

The work of two scientists who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2018. Immunotherapy provides hope for humans when cancer is killing millions of lives each year.