Poisoning - The most sophisticated method of causing murder in history

The history of poisoning is as old as human history. Death always entails torture, the only way to survive the desire to usurp the heart, power and fame, or the only way to take revenge on the mistress . In summary, women usually the mastermind of poisoning, especially beautiful women.

How poisoning, with what method? How fast or slow does the victim have to writhe in pain, or simply fall into sleeplessness? We repeat the history.

From medieval times

Before the reign of the Amenemhat dynasty, which had the first unification of Egypt in the nineteenth century, it was known that the harms of compounds such as antimony, arsenic, copper, lead . also like Table A poisonous strong poisonous plants like poppy (opium) .

The botanical botulism is very interested in Europeans. Even in the fourth century BC, the Greek philosophers noticed them as Aristotle (384-322 BC) and his pupil Theophrastus (371-287 BC) was later honored " The father of botany, " was found in the forest of tangerines and lullabies.

In the second century BC, King Attalus II (220-138 BC) of Pergamon offered the Kingdom and his subjects to the Romans, and he retreated to concentrate with the poison Nicander's poetry was tested on prisoners. In addition, these tests are the subject of two of Nicander's songs about serpentine and poisonous snakes. The poet also described in which the effects of poison contained in different plants.

The painting of Locusta is preparing poison to carry out misguided acts.

At the threshold of the confrontation between atheists and Christians, Rome became a place where poisoning became very popular, threatening the foundations of the Roman Empire. The beginning of the beginning of the Eucharist was associated with the name of Locusta , the notorious female hoodleader had carried out many assassinations at the request of the famous Emperor Nero (37-68).

Under Locusta's assistance, Julia Augusta Agrippina (15-59) mother of Nero poisoned Emperor Claudius (10.Tr.CN-54) and her husband and his uncle, Emperor Augustus (63 BC). -14). And Nero (son of the first husband of Mrs. J. Agrippina) poisoned Britannicus (son of Augustus), who was the main rival in winning the Emperor's crown. Even Nero also poisoned his mother, Agrippina, as well as both his first wives, Claudia Octavia (39-62) and Poppaea Sabina (30-65) and many other powerful figures; and finally Nero killed himself in the early June-June.

In the Middle Ages, Dr. Jabir ibn Hayyan (721-815), often called Geber , a pharmacist in Baghdad (Iraq) experimented with finding a powdered toxin he named Arsenic (As). (also called arsenic). This odorless colorless chemical compound becomes one of the most feared, most preferred poisons in poisoning cases and is still true today.

Only a very small dose of 0.1g - 0.2g is deadly enough. The prevalence of the use of As is not accidental, since since the victim exposed until the time of the first reaction appeared a very long time, with signs of vomiting, loose bowel movement, abdominal pain and high fever - symptoms are often thought to be a form of intestinal inflammation. As though only in small doses, it makes the victims weaken, with death looking like the consequences of some puzzling disease.

Only because of unfortunate, or because of improper mixing, "culprit" As was discovered. It is thought that hundreds of thousands of people in history have become victims of As, so it is no wonder this substance is dubbed the "king of poisonous species".

Drug poisoning fever

In the two centuries XV and XVI in Europe there was a "fever" of poison. In Italy there are even special bases for those who want to cultivate "poisoning art" . At the top is the school in Venice for the purpose of political poisoning. Toxic drugs are used to exclude those who are not suitable. Stored documents specify the names of victims, how to poison them as well as the amount of money paid to hire professional poisoners.

Second is the school in Rome, closely related to the Borgia family. The name of the school started from Alfonso de Borgia (1378-1458), who since 1455 officially became Pope Callixtus III. The "radiant glory" is caused by the pope - famously famous Alexander VI (1431-1503), reigning from 1492 to 1503, with his son Cardinal Cardinal Cesare Borgia (1475). -1607) and a beautiful daughter like dreaming Lucrezia Borgia (1480-1519).

Picture of Dr. Geber modulating As - "king of poison".

Pope Alexander VI purges through the poison of a number of dissident cardinals, or those who like to "snipe " into his enormous fortune. Eventually Alexander VI became a victim of poison: once he tasted the wrong food by hand, he used his own poison.

And the school of poisoning in Naples reached the peak of "hard to deny" glory in the eighteenth century. The "most famous" representative of this school is Mu Giulia Tofana (1617-1659), who once poisoned more than 600 people in the period from 1633 to 1651. G. Tofana used AS solutions in waste containing bacteria, which she earned great bargains by selling them as a brand name "Aqua Tofana" with her name. On these poison bottles there is always the words "Magic of Saint Nicholas in Bari ", accompanied by a portrait of this famous saint too.

Under Mrs. G. Tofana, married Roman women from prestigious families often gather in closed societies, with the aim of poisoning the nobles and their relatives and relatives, especially with rich people to calculate inheritance. But this mysterious form of society was later exposed, ending 13 female members hanged, and others being publicly tortured.

The ways of poisoning were also developed in the wealthy Medici family in the Republic of Florence, the family that produced three Roman Pope Leo X (1513-1521), Clement VII (1523-1534) and Leo XI (1535-1605). They also gave France the beautiful Queen Empress Catherine de Medici (1547-1559) and Marie de Medici (1600-1610). Ever since Queen Catherine went to France, the number of poisoning cases increased dramatically .

The second half of the seventeenth century, in European history, was regarded as a period of pandemic poisoning. With poison, women get rid of their husbands, lovers or rival women; Children poisoned their parents to steal property quickly. Under the help of poison people pay each other as inconvenient witnesses, competitors in business, as well as lucrative titles .

The embodiment of this period is the French Marie de Brinvilliers (1630-1676), a beautiful and wealthy young professional poison. She began her "career" at a hospital in Paris, where she examined the effects of toxins on the patient's body. Then M. Brinvilliers carried out poisoning of her husband, father and two older brothers. After an open trial in 1676 decided to execute "poisoned queen" Brinvilliers. Next, similar phenomena occur throughout Europe.

As the case of Ane Swaisinger in Nuremberg (Germany) used As poison to 22 people, but only "succeeded" in 3 cases. This woman poisoned the victims with the most terrible physical abuse. And Serbian Marceta Gotfryd poisoned 15 people. As for Anne-Marie Genter, a rural girl in Belgium, she used As to poison dozens of victims, of which 21 were killed .

Intervention of science and technology

In 1840 in Toulon (France) there was a trial that marked a new turning point in the history of poison, when accused Marie Lafarge (1816-1852) was accused of using arsenic to poison her husband with the same degree of misery. wrong life. This trial has gone down in history, because this is the first time people have applied the method of autopsy science, the corpses of dead people have been determined to determine the cause of death and the perpetrator As was found.The "King of Poisons" has fallen from the throne, since arsenic has not been able to wear power without being detected.

The modern period has witnessed the stormy development of the toxicology industry, the science of the toxic forms, and their use and impacts. At the same time, there are also new discoveries about poisons, all the previous secrets of As "king of toxins" have been brought to light by science.

It is also found that lime arsenic is not readily soluble in water, so it cannot penetrate the body's osmotic membranes. As As only accounts for about one million of the body weight, it is possible to know when a victim has arsenic poisoning, with how much weight and how long it lasts?

But the known problems are not the most complete, as with Marie Besnard's case (1896-1980) and the crime of using As poison at least 12 people. The trial lasted for nearly 13 years, from 1948 to 1961 and the verdict covered a dark shadow on all the arsenic discoveries . The culprit is acquitted for not having enough evidence. After seven years of continuous experimentation with graves in the town of Loudun, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine town west of France, where the people of M. Besnard were poisoned in the past were buried.

In the end, scientists came to the conclusion that the limit between naturally occurring chemistry and microbiology is different from the theory known, making it difficult to dissolve arsenic in the membrane. osmosis of the body. This has become the biggest "advantage" for the perpetrator who was suspected.

The fact that arsenic - the "king of monotheism" continues the fearsome crimes, through the historical path is still present until now and tomorrow. As poison is indeed a powerful opponent for human life.