How does the brains of geniuses work? (2)

Continue to explore Part II of the article to find out if the brains of re-natural beings are different from those of ordinary people.

>>> How dothe geniuses of geniuses work? (first)

In Part I of the article, we learned how the brain works and the relationship between intelligence and the human brain. In this sequel, we will learn how the genius of geniuses is different from the brains of ordinary people.

Genius and intelligence

Like the problem of genius determination, intelligence can be very difficult to quantify. Psychologists and neurologists study a lot about human intelligence. There is a whole field of research, known as psychological psychology, devoted to the study and measurement of intelligence. But even in that area, experts don't always agree with the analytical results. And even though intelligence is an important part of a genius, not all geniuses score high on intelligence tests or achieve good results at school.

Intelligence tests have existed for thousands of years. The Chinese emperor used the ability test to evaluate his subordinates in the 2200 BC. IQ tests began to appear near the end of the 19th century. Today, IQ tests often test a person's ability to remember as well as language, space and mathematical ability. In theory, these tests measure a concept or element called G. You can think of G as a unit of measurement or a way to express the amount of intelligence a person has.

IQ tests are also standardized, so most people get scores from 90 to 110. When placed on a graph, the majority IQ test scores will generally be like a curve. bell shaped, with most people achieving points in the average range. So a common perception is that anyone who gets a higher score than a certain number - usually 140 - will automatically be a genius. But despite the existence of that IQ, many scientists warn that there is no such thing as a genius IQ.

Many educators and researchers find that IQ testing is only true for predicting a student's learning ability at school. Schools often use tests to identify students for inclusion in gifted or special education classes. Most colleges and universities and some companies also use these tests as part of the hiring process.

However, although very popular, these tests are not appreciated. In general, some ethnic minorities and low-income people tend to score lower than those from other racial and economic groups. Critics say this makes the IQ test invalid or unfair. Others argue that these tests indicate injustice and prejudice in society.

In addition, some researchers and theorists argue that the concepts of G are too limited and do not really provide a complete view of one's intelligence. Researchers feel intelligence is a combination of many factors. A theory that tries to provide a more complete view of intelligence is Howard Gardner's multi-intellectual theory (MI). According to Gardner, there are 7 types of intelligence:

- Mathematical logic (logical / logical): people with this intelligence have a tendency to learn through logical arguments, like math, programming, playing puzzles, .

- Language / speech (verbal / linguistic) intelligence : people with this intelligence have a tendency to learn through speaking and writing, reading, crossword, .

- Visual / spatial intelligence (visual / spatial): people with this intelligence have a propensity to learn through images, objects, good use of maps and good orientation in space, . We should not think that this intelligence is only associated with sight because Gardner believes that for visually impaired children, the intelligence of this space also develops.

- Bodily / kinesthetic: those who have this intelligence have a tendency to learn through movement and use of movements, feel excited when exercising, playing sports .

- Musical / rhythmic intelligence : these intelligent people have a tendency to learn through melodies and music, like to play instruments, sing, read and inspire works .

- Extroverted intelligence (interpersonal): these smart owners have a tendency to learn through the use of social skills, communication, collaborative work with others, love to meet and talk , able to understand others .

- Intellectual intelligence (intrapersonal): people with this intelligence are prone to learning through emotion, feeling, controlling and mastering their learning, understanding their own thoughts, from which can understand the feelings and feelings of others .

In 1996, Gardner added two types of intelligence that he and his colleagues were studying:

- Nature-oriented intelligence (naturalist): people who are able to learn through the system of sorting, classifying, enjoying nature, outdoor activities, .

- Intelligence of existential: people who have the ability to learn through seeing the overall picture, through questions such as ' Why do we exist here? ',' My role What is in this world? ',' What is my role in family, school and community? ' . This type of intelligence seeks to connect the new learning with applications, knowledge in practice.

Many parents and educators feel that this classification represents more accurately the strengths of different children. But critics allege that Gardner's definitions are too broad and inclusive, which makes the classification of intelligence useless.

Another theory is less restrictive than Robert J. Sternberg's theory of human intelligence. According to Sternberg, human intelligence includes:

- Creative intelligence , or the ability to create exciting new ideas.

- Intelligence analysis , or the ability to check reality and draw conclusions.

- Practical intelligence, or ability to fit into one's environment.

In Sternberg's view, one's intelligence is a combination of three possibilities. Critics say he has little empirical evidence for his theory.

The above-mentioned theories are relatively new, critics have also pointed out shortcomings and irrationalities. However, these theories can explain the concepts of genius more clearly than traditional IQ tests. Genius is not just a person who has a lot of G. Mozart indicators as an example of a combination of musical ability with an innate understanding of mathematics. Einstein combined intelligence on logic, mathematics and spatial relationships. And all geniuses share a very important ability - their creativity is unlimited. Without creativity, they will not become geniuses. They will simply be particularly intelligent.

So how much creativity is enough to be a genius? Next we will learn how imagination and productivity contribute to being a genius.

Genius and creativity

Genius like Einstein is known for his creativity and productivity - and sometimes he is also known for his odd behavior.

There is a big difference between being really smart and being a genius . While geniuses tend to be particularly intelligent, they also use imagination and creativity to invent, discover or create something new in their area of ​​interest. They break the usual rules rather than simply remembering or reading the available information.

Geniuses often do not operate independently, or - almost all geniuses analyze the work of other talented people and they use the information obtained to make new discoveries. Self-taught geniuses, on the other hand, often exploit information in unexpected or creative ways, in part because they lack formal training. In both cases, imagining new possibilities of an event or field is just as important as owning intelligence.

As intelligence, creativity and imagination can be difficult to quantify or explain . Some researchers believe that people with creative abilities have less latent inhibition than others. Potential inhibition is the ability to unconsciously ignore unimportant human stimuli. Researchers hypothesize that people have the ability to create, or get lots of stimulation from, the world around them, or easily remove more confounders. This may also explain why creative people seem to be more susceptible to mental illness. People who just can't filter the stimuli around and have an unstable emotional state are more prone to mental disorders.

The creativity of geniuses also seems to have some things in common with bipolar disorder. When people with this disease are in a manic period, they have moments of ecstasy that create great works, or are able to work that an ordinary person cannot do. When they fall into a cycle of depression, they have depressed and depressed states that sometimes destroy themselves. Writers and artists are generally more susceptible to this disease than normal people.

Creativity of genius is also related to labor productivity. Some typical examples of geniuses refer to those who achieve their achievements and accomplish their work at a young age. However, not all geniuses have achieved high performance at a young age as Einstein and Mozart did. Some, like Ludwig van Beethoven, achieved the highest performance and great achievements in later stages of life.

Steve Job - one of the creative geniuses of the technology world

Researcher David Galenson assumes that the reason for this by creative people is divided into two main categories:

- The concept creators have bold thoughts, impressive leaps and perform their work best when they are young.

- Test creators learn through trial and error, they perform their work best after a long testing process.

Critics say Galenson's theory ignores those who achieve great achievements throughout life. His latest research shows that creativity can be expressed as a continuum. Instead of being one of the two creative or conceptual creators, people can mostly be either of the above, or they may be somewhere in between.

We can never know exactly where creativity comes from, why some people can use their creativity more effectively than others or why some people achieve the most creative ability of They are at a specific time in life. We may not understand how a person can achieve a balance between brain power, intelligence and creative ability to become a genius. But it is clear that geniuses are at the center of scientific, technological and understanding progress. Without genius, our understanding of mathematics, literature and music will not be as it is now. Concepts such as gravity, the orbits of planets and the existence of black holes may still be mysterious and unexplored.