5 knowledge treasures are destroyed by humans

There have been invaluable knowledge treasures unfortunately destroyed by humans in history.

Library of Alexandria, Egypt

The city of Alexandria was built in 331 BC by Alexander the Great after he conquered Egypt. After his death, one of his generals, Ptolemy, took control of the area and began a new dynasty that lasted for hundreds of years. Under Ptolemy's reign, the whole of Alexandria became the center of education and a huge library was built to contain hundreds of thousands of documents stored in the form of scrolls.

There were many people at that time who came here to study and teach. However, until a time in the past, the entire library was destroyed and the process became a historical mystery. Initially, it was assumed that Julius Caesar accidentally burned it while meeting Cleopatra. But after this event many library documents still exist.

In the 4th century, the leader of God Theophilus was dissatisfied when a large number of books were said to be "evil cult" existing in Alexandria, so he instigated the crowd to destroy the library. Even so, the losses are not enough to completely destroy the library. And once again this action was repeated as Islam developed and the area was conquered by the Caliph Omar, who again ordered the destruction of all the books here. Historians cannot agree that the library was completely destroyed by the events listed above, but all agree that all the great knowledge here has disappeared.

Constantinople Royal Library, Byzantine Empire

Around 493, the Eastern half of the Roman Empire continued to exist while the western half collapsed. Today, we call this Eastern half the Byzantine empire, but they always consider themselves Roman. Therefore, they store and copy the great works of the Romans and Greeks in their cities. In the capital, they built up the royal library of Constantinople. Every century, the city was attacked by fire and the books and scrolls in the library were replaced.

It all changed in 1204 when the warriors of the 4th Crusaders attacked the city, plundering precious property and destroying them all. After the Crusaders withdrew, the Byzantines recreated part of the library. But in 1453, the city was once again attacked by the Ottomans and since then all the knowledge materials there have been permanently lost.

Temple of knowledge of Egypt

After gaining independence, Egypt sought to control its heritage by preventing the flow of artifacts from the country and preventing them from falling into the hands of collectors around the world. They established a number of museums, including the Temple of Knowledge (Institut d'Égypte), which holds hundreds of thousands of documents and books, some from the 16th century. On December 17, In 2011, during the riots overthrowing President Mubarak, protesters rushed into the museum and a burning gas bottle was thrown through the window. Although there are many brave efforts of people around to save precious works here, only a very small part is taken out. The rest was completely destroyed by the fire.

Nalanda, India

Nalanda is one of the largest universities that appeared and survived for more than 700 years, beginning in 500 AD. Located in northern India today, this learning center attracts scholars from Tibet, China, Greece and Persia. As a center for Buddhist teaching, it quickly became a target for those who want to destroy Buddhist culture. In 1193 the Turkish king Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked the city, burned thousands of scholars alive and spent months burning the books here. The stories of the time told of a huge column of smoke rising from the city and making the sky dark for a month. The Turks succeeded in dislodging Buddhism and leading to its complete disappearance in India. This destruction also pushed India into a dark time because all the advanced knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and surgery was lost.

The wise house

When the Iraqi region was conquered by the Arabs and controlled by Islam, they discovered a huge store of knowledge here. A large number of collections are made up of a combination of many books on the Muslim world. They were originally kept in Damascus and in 762, under Caliph al-Mansur, Baghdad was founded.

Administrative offices and the whole library were soon moved there. In Baghdad, this library flourished and was known as the 'Wise House', storing knowledge from Greece as well as translated works from China and India. However, by the 13th century, Hulagu Khan and the Mongol army attacked and conquered everything. When Hulagu Khan went to the Abbasid Caliphate kingdom border, he sent people to Baghdad and was rejected by the city ruler Caliph Al-Musta'sim.

Hulagu Khan was angry and attacked the kingdom, destroying all resistance and quickly besieging Baghdad. After 2 months, the city eventually surrendered. Later, Baghdad was robbed for a week. The river that runs through the city constantly changes the color between red from the blood of those killed and black from books thrown into the river. Hundreds of thousands of marvels were permanently lost and Baghdad's destruction marked the end of the golden era of Islam.