10 Hubble telescope's top discoveries

Brought into orbit and not affected by air turbulence, an advantage that no ground telescope has, 25 years, Hubble has made a huge amount of observation.

Hubble Space Telescope's top 10 detectors

NASA hopes the Hubble Space Telescope will continue to operate until 2020, along with its 'junior', the James Webb Space Telescope , which is scheduled to be launched in October 101, bringing more information. precious about the universe.

Here is the "top ten" of Hubble's merit according to the astronomer Mario Livio, Baltimore Institute of Space Telescope Science, USA.

Shoemaker-Levy Broom 9

We are very fortunate to witness how the Shoemaker-Levy 9 Broom bombarded Jupiter from July 16-21, 1994, because that scene happened 1,000 years once. More importantly, Hubble tells us that the ratio of two types of oxygen and hydrogen on Jupiter is 10 times greater than the Sun. That raises more questions than answers. If Jupiter is formed by the gravitational disruption of a disk of gas dust as many theories suggest about the formation of the solar system, its composition must be the same as the original disk dust component, so it must be similar. Sun composition. Until now, that conflict still has no answer.

Star Shoemaker-Levy 9 Brushes (Photo: NASA)

Planet outside the solar system

The discovery of extrasolar planets is considered the most important astronomical discovery of the 90s of the twentieth century. To date, nearly 200 such planets have been discovered. Hubble contributes to the tracking of planets with orbiting planes that coincide with the view from the earth, so they appear periodically in the view of the telescope. Such a planet was first discovered with the star HD 209458 providing general information about extrasolar planets. HD 209458 is 30% lighter than Jupiter but greater than 30% in diameter.

Most interesting is that Hubble first measured the composition of a distant star in the universe . The atmosphere HD 209458 contains sodium, carbon and oxygen. The hydrogen gas evaporates into a tail like a comet's tail. This observation may be a premise to study chemical signals that carry life traces somewhere in the future.

Star HD 209458.

Death of stars

Astronomical theories predict that a star 8-25 times heavier than the Sun will end in a supernova explosion . When the star depletes fuel, because gravity decreases with mass, the outer layer fires at about 15,000 km / sec, while the core shrinks into neutron stars. However, verification of the theory is impossible because the last supernova explosion observed from Earth occurred in 1680!

July 23, 1987 brought the opportunity for astronomers to live in the cloud of Magellan , a dwarf galaxy known as the galaxy's galaxy, appearing a supernova explosion. Three years later, Hubble was put into the fund and began collecting data on the explosion. And the supernova hypothesis has been confirmed.

(Photo: nostradamus-dimde)

Star formation

Astronomers have long known that narrow streams of gas erupting are signs of birth into a star. Some stars may have two opposing airflows up to several light years long, a phenomenon that has not been adequately explained. One theory is that it is due to the magnetic field that binds everything in the disk of gas . The magnetic field forces the ionized matter stream to flow according to the magnetic field system, creating air currents. Hubble noticed airflows originating from the center of the disk.

It is worth mentioning that the gas plates located next to the adult stars will be removed from the ground lenses. Hubble discovered several dozen such plates and they were considered precursors to the soon-to-be-formed stars.

(Photo: biosbcc.net)

"Archeology" galaxies

Large galaxies like the Milky Way and the Fairy Nebula , neighbors, are 2 million light-years away, growing by attracting smaller galaxies to themselves. Hubble was used as a test for this observation when observing a neighbor's star pants. Star pants are a collection of stars and star clusters surrounding the main galaxy disk and often in spherical form. Stars in this star's pants have very different ages, the youngest about 6-8 billion years, the oldest to 13.5 billion years. Whereas the Milky Way star cluster does not have many young stars (the Sun is a young star, aged 5 billion years). Hubble shows that, although the Milky Way and the Nymphs have the same appearance, the development history is very different.

Super heavy black hole

Since 1960, astronomers have argued that quasars (star titles have universal translation towards the red, which is very far from the edge of the universe and therefore very bright to be observed) and the vibrant center of galaxies are powered by giant black holes. Hubble reinforced this with accurate and systematic observations, asserting that most galaxies contain a supermassive black hole at the center. And galaxy formation is inextricably linked to that supermassive black hole .

(Photo: hia-iha.nrc-cnrc)

Explosion of gamma rays

The explosion of gamma rays is probably the most important astronomical discovery in the early 21st century. It was an explosion that lasted from a few thousandths to tens of minutes. They are divided into two categories: longer and shorter than 2 seconds.Gamma rays in longer beams have smaller photon energies in the shorter beam. Their origin is an important astronomical problem. Along with other ground and orbit lenses, Hubble found that long gamma explosions were the result of supernova explosions, while short bursts were more likely a combination of two neutron stars. However, it is unclear why only a few supernova explosions lead to gamma-ray bursts.

Boundaries of space

A thorough task of astronomy is to explore the evolution of galaxies and their precursors, as far as possible at the time of the birth of the universe (Big Bang). So astronomers eagerly hunted down the image of a galaxy at different times, from birth to adulthood. Fortunately, Hubble finally reaches out to the farthest galaxies, so youngest. Hubble captures galaxies that exist when the universe is a few hundred million years old, only about 5% of the age of the current universe. They are smaller and less stable than an adult galaxy. And they gradually merge together to create the galaxies that we're seeing.

Determining the age of the universe

By observing astronomer Edwin Hubble and many others in the 1920s we know we live in an expanding universe, at a rate determined by the Hubble coefficient H0. It is the key to determining the age of the universe, because if H0 is a constant, its inverse ratio can be used to determine the age of the universe. Determining exactly H0 is one of the most important tasks of Astronomy.

Astronomer Edwin Hubble

The value of H0 with 10% accuracy along with the accurate measurement of the remnant radiation background from the Big Bang allows scientists to figure out about 13.7 billion years. That is the age of the visible universe.

The universe is expanding faster and faster

With observations of supernovae , in 1998, two independent research groups shocked the public by seeing that our universe is expanding at an increasing rate. In fact, the universe is still expanding after the Big Bang , but it is hoped that gravity will gradually reverse the expansion, allowing it to lead to the Big Department, when the whole universe has a point, the condition needs setting for a new big explosion (hypothesis of a periodic elastic universe). Now that hope is turned off. This is the greatest mystery of contemporary physics. Many hypotheses have been stated about the nature of dark energy with gravitation as the repulsion, such as quantum vacuum, attractive in the extra dimensions (string theory considers no time to 11 pm), into the fifth part (pun on Aristotle, who thinks that the four elements of water, fire, air, and earth make up the universe) .

It is worth mentioning that the universe contains only 0.5% of light substance (the kind of material that makes up galaxies, stars, the earth and ourselves), 3.5% of the usual dark matter (like black holes, dwarfs) brown .), 26% of dark matter is strange (such as basic neutrino particles if they have mass), but contains up to 70% of dark energy. Tracing that kind of bizarre energy is one of the reasons for the existence of post-Hubble space lenses.

With so many pave and important discoveries, the Hubble Space Telescope deserves to be celebrated as the Pyramid of Modern Times.