How has aviation become safer after 100 years?

Here are 12 photos that summarize the development history of aviation safety systems for more than 100 years.

Thanks to non-stop improvements in this area, aircraft are still considered the safest means of transport in the world.

The aircraft is still considered the safest means of transport in the world.

Lawrence Sperry's autopilot system is considered to be the world's first avionics system in terms of an electrical or electronic device designed for use on aircraft. In a spectacular performance in Paris in July 1914, Sperry controlled the Curtiss C.2 hovercraft on the Seine with his hands removed from the joystick and another passenger standing on the wing. When the autopilot feature is activated, the manual control system is locked and the pilot can control the aircraft with a separate omnidirectional swing. Then, the autopilot system operates with a small generator integrated in the engine and uses a servo motor to move aircraft control cables (winches). In the case of a power failure, the autopilot system has enough inertia to operate within 30 minutes thanks to the gyroscope.

Direction arrow - Remaining from the intercontinental flight system.

At a steep hill near St George, Utah is still there a directional arrow made of concrete, which remains from the Transcontinental Airway System led by the US Department of Commerce. develope.

This is a signaling system built in 1923 to guide pilots driving airmail delivery aircraft. However, in cloudy and foggy conditions, this system becomes useless. So in the autumn of 1926, a mail delivery pilot was forced to parachute off the plane due to bad weather. Despite this, the pilot continued his career with the sky and achieved much success, his name was Charles Lindbergh - the son of a politician from Minnesota.

In the picture is a first generation C.6, which is equipped with separate (aileron) wings.

Gyrocopter (also known as Gyroplane, Autogyro) is a special aircraft designed to cross between fixed-wing aircraft. Although it is no longer popular in today's world, it is considered one of the most secure aircraft designs.

This is also the goal of Juan de la Cierva - the Spanish inventor, the father of this type of aircraft aimed at when he wants to eliminate the speed of dive and dive which is very dangerous for machines Fixed wing fly and is often the cause of fatal accidents. In the picture is a first -generation C.6 , it is equipped with separate wing (aileron ) but then, Cierva has added a full robotic control system for the following designs of C. 6 and this is also the first important foundation towards the formation of single rotor helicopters.

Rear driving compartment of the training plane.

With the support of the Guggenheim fund, the companies of Sperry, Kollsman and many other companies, the first flight engineer and pilot, Jimmy Doolittle (pictured above) made the "blind" flight. First, from take-off to landing at Mitchel Field Air Force Base, Long Island, New York, in September 1929. The rear cockpit of the Consolidated NY-2 training aircraft is specially equipped with the The new instrument includes a virtual horizon, radio alarm system and updated wireless altimeter as well as a part of the roof made of fabric. Pilots fly together in the front cockpit, ensuring safety for test flights.

In the picture is the two-decker Handley Page HP.42.

According to CG Gray, the famous editor of The Airplane, a plane needs to "land slowly and unburnt". In the picture is the two-decker Handley Page HP. 42 , it landed slowly but made everything around it become slower. This aircraft can reach speeds of 161km / h in beautiful sun conditions, a speed considered high at that time. At the same time, with modern design, it made Imperial Airways (which later merged with British Airways) abandon the notion that the closed cockpit was a weakness of the aircraft and most of the structure was Metal fabrication. Even so, Handley Page HP. 42 was only used within two years before the one-wing aircraft with the more advanced and collapsed landing gear was born.

The accident of the TWA Fokker F. 10 also sets out a system of air accident investigation agencies.

Knute Rockne, the famous coach of the Notre Dame University football team, was killed along with 7 others when Trans World Airlines (TWA) Fokker F. 10 wooden wing plane crashed in Kansas in March 1931 The crash has made wood-winged aircraft unreliable, leading to the development and reception of all-metal aircraft such as Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2. The accident of the TWA Fokker F. 10 also set out a system of air accident investigation agencies, typically NTSB of the United States.

The efficiency of aerodynamic design is one of the factors that helps flight succeed.

In the early days of the aviation industry, many argued that the function of the second engine on a twin engine airplane was . to help you face the risk of accidents. This thought changed only after the unique test flight of the Douglas DC-1 from Winslow, Arizona to Albuquerque, New Mexico. The aircraft has two engines but is set to take off with only one engine at Winslow on an airstrip located at an altitude of 1500m above sea level. DC-1 can still climb 2438m altitude with 1 engine, pass the terrain and complete the flight. The efficiency of aerodynamic design, powerful engines and variable-pitch propeller propellers are the factors that make the flight a success.

In the picture is a system of Aeradio stations set up in Australia to guide the pilots piloting aircraft.

The radio navigation system was first used in the 1930s. Radio waves are immune to most weather conditions and the transmission range is farther than light. In the picture is a system of Aeradio stations set up in Australia to guide pilots piloting postcard and passenger transport aircraft. The left tower is used as a beacon while the other tower incorporates a Lorenz signal transmitter - a non-sighted landing support radio navigation device developed by German company C. Lorenz AG. This is the predecessor of today's modern landing gear system.

This is the Short C-Class Empire seaplane of Imperial Airways.

This is Imperial Airways' Short C-Class Empire seaplane, considered to be the most advanced hovercraft, the highest performance at the time when it was able to double the speed of the Handley Page HP. 42 and operate on routes from the US to Australia and South Africa. However, the idea of ​​using water as a runway to take off is not always good because waves and floating objects can be dangerous for aircraft. Within 10 months of operation, Imperal Airways has lost 3 C-Class seaplanes and since the Second World War, concrete runways have become more popular.

Before World War II, the orientation still depended on compass, hexagonal glass .

Before World War II, the orientation on the water still depended on the tools that sailors had developed for centuries, typically watches, compasses and hexagonal glasses. However, aerial navigation is much more difficult and pilots can easily get lost, in addition to fuel problems. If the destination is an island instead of a coast, this flaw can lead to fatal accidents, a good example of a directional error is the disappearance of the famous female pilot Amelia Earhart when she carrying out a world-wide flight in 1937. In support of aerial navigation, the United States invented the Loran radio-oriented system , used during World War II and modified version. Loran-C progress continued to be used until the GPS global positioning system was born.

One of the top-flight safety designers is Vincent Burnelli.

One of the top-flight safety designers is Vincent Burnelli. He pursued a coordinated design of the outer wing with a mid-section of the aircraft, creating a seamless block and slightly raised. This design is expected to be able to withstand better collisions than traditional body-wing designs. Burnelli's company as well as franchise companies using this design built a series of aircraft prototypes, typically the Cunliffe-Owen OA-1.

The aircraft was built based on the design of Burnelli UB-14 in 1939 and only one was completed before the second war broke out. It was used for a variety of purposes, eventually transferred to the free French air force in Africa and was eventually burned to celebrate the Japanese Empire's day of unconditional surrender records (VJ Day). . After all, the design concept of Vincent Burnelli was never widely accepted.

Avro Tudor is a series of aircraft reclaimed from Avro Lincoln bombers.

Both British South American Airways long-haul flights by Avro Tudor IV were mysteriously missing and both missing incidents occurred one year apart, in January 1948 and in January 1949 A missing vehicle on the way to Bermuda and the remaining battle went missing after leaving the airport in Kingston, Jamaica. The traces of both of these planes have not yet been found and from here the name Bermuda Triangle appears. Avro Tudor is a series of aircraft reclaimed from Avro Lincoln bombers and the first British aircraft to be equipped with a pressurized cabin - a technology that the British aviation industry has not experienced. Later, for safety reasons, the Avro Tudor line was only used for cargo transport purposes and was discontinued in 1949, just four years after its introduction.