Those are the methods of surgery according to human history.

Over thousands of years, humans have made significant advances in medicine, from removing painful surgeries such as skull chisels, taking eye sticks . to surgery with advanced machines. Advancing, increasing your chances of survival.

Let's go to New Scientist page, point through a few somewhat creepy surgical methods and its progress along the human history line below.

From gruesome surgical methods .

1. Skull surgery - ancient times

American scientists have found very convincing evidence that, in ancient times, the method of skull surgery and bone drilling was applied. This surgical procedure has been used to treat head injuries, migraine disorders, epilepsy or psychotic diseases of demons.

Hand drill is the only tool used to remove part of the skull. Of course, these "surgeries" are absolutely not sterile and do not have any anesthetic or analgesic drugs.

Many skull cutting techniques are conducted at the same time. First, the patient was shaved, then applied the herb marking the cranial area to be affected and drilling. The strange thing is that many diseases survived these special surgeries.

If cured, after a few years, the patient's skull will gradually develop to cover the drilled gap. But there are also cases that it cannot fully fill, resulting in the patient being cohabited throughout life with a hole in the skull.

2. Cataract surgery - Medieval period

This is one of the gruesome surgical methods from the Middle Ages. To eliminate cataract, a sharp and sharp metal object is called Salaka Jabamukhi called inside the eye. This object 'pierces' the cornea of ​​the eye, then pushes the nucleus out of the eye area.

Gradually, cataract surgery also improved. Instead of using sharp metal objects, an empty metal syringe is used to poke at the 'white part' of the eye and suck them out.

Of course, during the operation, the patient suffers from terrible pain due to rudimentary surgical instruments, no anesthetic and especially no antiseptic. Most patients are not cured but often die during treatment.

3. Treatment with . "magic" - in ancient Greece

Sometimes, mythical stories are also a good source of information for us to better understand the medicine of ancient people. In Greek mythology, the hero Achilles fought and wounded Telephus - the son of the god of Heracles.

The ancient Greeks believed that 'what causes a wound can heal' , so Telephus convinced Achilles to treat him. This can be considered a surgical method with the use of sharp objects, removing infected flesh, making the wound heal faster.

4. Surgery to remove - 7,000 years ago

Two archaeologists Cécile Buquet-Marcon and Anaick Samzun and expert examiner Philippe Charlie studied artifacts in the crypt at Buthiers-Boulancourt, France. This study showed that 7,000 years ago, people knew how to operate under sterile conditions.

It is the skeleton of an older warrior. That wound was surmised as a result of being attacked more by animals than in the battle. The left arm is crushed, if this situation is prolonged, the injured person can die from pain or infection.

The picture depicts the surgery of Dr. Ambroise Paré in the sixteenth century

The doctors at that time used a very sharp, sharp stone to cut off the wounded arm. Previously, they reduced pain for patients with datura and used some herbs for antiseptic. Later, limb surgery was done more, especially when there was a war.

. to great advances in medicine .

5. Surgical use of anesthetic - 1849

Besides the drugs used to relieve pain such as alcohol or opium, anesthesia, born in the nineteenth century, marked a major step forward in the medicine of mankind, from which the nightmare caused by surgery came out.

The photo above depicts the first operation using Ete, performed by Dr. William Morton in 1849, at Massachusetts General Hospital.

6. Heart transplant surgery - 1960

With the advancement of science and technology, doctors have been able to access parts that are considered 'untouchable' in the past - the heart. One of the exploits of humanity is the artificial heart transplant to save people, first performed by Denton Cooley, a surgical doctor in 1960, at St Luke's Hospital, Houston, Texas (USA). ).

Although after 3 days, the patient died, but this is considered a basis for Dr. Cooley to perform some open-heart surgery without blood transfusions, saving many lives later.

7. Endoscopic surgery - early 20th century

Since the endoscopic technique was born in the early years of the 20th century (from 1902 - 1910), this can be considered as the first choice of doctors and patients today. When performing laparoscopic surgery, doctors use scaffolds with cameras and lights, inserted into the incision to look inside the patient's body.

The incision when performing laparoscopic surgery is very small, bleeding is low, it is much safer and more effective than open surgery, leaving little complications. There are even cases where patients do not lose a single drop of blood during surgery.

8. Robot surgery

Surgical robots are programmed to operate with specialized pathology software, human body. So it can perform surgeries from simple to complex. Doctors sometimes make mistakes in manipulation - especially with difficult operations but robots do not.

In microsurgery or dissection of malignant tumors, with the help of robotic arms, the surgery will be performed to the nearest millimeter. Therefore, this is also the reason why more and more hospitals around the world put surgical robots into clinical anatomical applications.

In the future, it is not necessary for doctors and patients to be in the same room, even the same country when performing surgery. Doctors can perform remote surgery, through programming systems such as the Da Vinci surgical robot system - named after Leonardo Da Vinci, who can be considered the father of robots.