November 25, 1915 - Albert Einstein's research on general relativity is published

Currently, general theory of relativity is considered to be the perfect description of the most attractive force of modern physics.

November 25, 1915 - Albert Einstein introduced his work on general relativity

Genius physicist Albert Einstein presented the work of General Relativity on November 25, 1915 to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. By March 1916, the study was published in the scientific journal Annalen Der Physik. This is considered a landmark event of mankind when it has made a leap in comparison with Issac Newton's Law of universal gravitation discovered in 1687.

Currently, general theory of relativity is considered to be the perfect description of the most attractive force of modern physics . For researchers not only in the field of physics, general relativity since its publication has created a real revolution in the scientific awareness of the whole human race. Previously in 1905, Albert Einstein gave a special theory of relativity. Accordingly, he described the distortion of time and space by an object moving close to the speed of light. Combined with other laws of physics, Einstein created the equation with the famous formula E = mc ^ 2 (E: energy, m: mass, c: speed of light), calculating the transition equivalent exchange between mass and energy. This formula changed the previous propositions that energy and mass have nothing to do with each other.

General relativity explains gravity by geometric curvature of spacetime defined by:

1. Material and energy warp the space-time around them.
2. An object that falls freely under the force of gravitational field moves on a geodesic line between two points of spacetime.

Four-dimensional space-time in special relativity is inherently difficult to imagine, so space-time curvature proves to be a difficult challenge for those who study general relativity. In a simple way, if you reduce the number of dimensions of space-time, you can similarly describe images in the case of a two-dimensional surface. For example, suppose two cars start at the equator and move north. At first the direction of the two vehicles is parallel to each other, although not affected by any other force, the two vehicles will eventually meet at the North pole. An observer observes the movement of the two vehicles, if he does not know the surface of the Earth is bent, he will assume that there is a force that draws the two vehicles towards each other.

This is a good example of a purely geometric phenomenon, gravity sometimes in general relativity called hypothesis . Because the geodesic connecting two points in spacetime does not depend on the characteristics of the free-falling object in the gravitational field, the phenomenon was first discovered by physicist Galileo Galilei , so the two objects at the same altitude will Free fall with the same speed. In Newtonian mechanics, this means that the inertial mass and gravitational mass of an object must be equivalent. This statement is also the basis for general relativity.

Albert Einstein later said that the reason for the development of general relativity is due to his dissatisfaction in the priority of inertial motion in special relativity, while a theory consists of other moving states (including accelerated movements) may be more complete. So in 1908 he wrote an article on acceleration in special relativity, he also remarked that the real free fall is an inertial motion, and for the observer to fall free of the principles of Special relativity must be applied. This assertion is called the Equivalent Principle . In the same frame of the paper, Einstein also predicts the effect of time-extension by gravity.

In 1911, Einstein published another article extending the 1907 paper, which added to the effect of light deflection caused by massive objects when light approached. General relativity is an intriguing theory developed by Albert Einsteinn from 1907 and 1915 with the help of Marcel Grossmann. According to this theory, there is an attraction between objects due to spacetime bending caused by objects.

Before the advent of general relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation was recognized for more than 200 years and described the gravitational attraction between objects, although Newton himself did not see his theory properly described. The nature of gravity. In astronomy, there have been many careful observations showing unexplained deviations between theory and observations. According to Newton's model, gravitation is the gravitational force between objects, though he does not know the nature of this force, which essentially describes the motion of planets.

However, experiments and observations show that Einstein's model involves several unexplained effects in Newton's model, such as small anomalies in the motion of Mercury and other planets. . General relativity also predicts many strange effects of gravity, such as gravitational waves, gravitational lensing, and a gravitational effect that affects time, which is a time-extension by gravity. Many predictions have been confirmed experimentally, and many topics in theory are still being studied. For example, despite indirect evidence of gravitational waves, direct experimental evidence of the existence of gravitational waves is still being sought by many organizations of scientists such as LIGO projects, GEO 600 .

General relativity was developed into a basic tool in modern physics astronomy. It provides a basic understanding of black holes, spacetime where gravitational attraction is so strong that even light cannot escape. Their presence through intense radiation of astronomical objects such as nucleus of active galaxies or quasars. General relativity is also part of the standard model of the Big Bang explosion of cosmic origin.