The female scientists are forgotten

Vera Rubin, Cecilia Payne or Chien Shiung Wu are female scientists who have contributed to American science but are not mentioned because of gender discrimination or piracy.

Few female scientists have made a great contribution to history

1. Vera Rubin

Since the beginning of her scientific career, Vera Rubin has always been subjected to criticism, objections and disincentives of male colleagues and many others. After being denied an astronomy program at Princeton University, USA, because she was a woman, Vera continued to study science and received her doctorate at Georgetown University. Vera was the first to observe that stars in the outer part of the galaxy have the orbital speed corresponding to the central stars. Rubin's observations confirmed a previous theory by earlier scientist Fritz Zwicky that made her receive criticism.

2. Cecilia Payne

Cecilia Payne began her studies at Cambridge University, England, in 1919 after receiving a scholarship in botany, physics and chemistry. However, they were not significant because Cambridge refused to grant a degree to women. During his time at Cambridge, Payne discovered her love for astronomy and became the first woman to receive a doctor of astronomy at Radcliffe. Payne once proved that the composition of the Sun is different from Earth but not recognized. By 1938, Payne was recognized as an astronomer. In 1956, she was appointed and became Harvard's first female professor.

3. Chien Shiung Wu

Chien Shiung Wu is a Chinese immigrant to the United States. Here Wu began to participate in the Manhattan project and developed the atomic bomb. Her greatest contribution to the scientific community was the discovery of a violation of the Presumptive Conservation Law while it was a widespread law. Wu's discovery reversed the scientific view that existed for 30 years. However, Wu's two colleagues, Ning Yang Chen and Tsung Dao Lee, who thanks Wu's findings and help to prove this theory discovered the Nobel Prize without mentioning Wu.

4. Nettie Stevens

Sex studies identified by 23 pairs of chromosomes are recorded by Thomas Morgan. However, before that, Nettie Stevens was the study of sex determination of the mealworm worm and realized that it depended on the X and Y chromosomes. In the eyes of the people, Stevens was the only person working for Thomas Morgan, while Most of her findings are done independently. Morgan also considered Stevens to be a technician rather than a true scientist.

5. Ida Tacke

In 1925, young chemist Ida Tacke announced the discovery of two missing elements in Mendeleev's periodic table. Ida's discovery of Rhenium 75 has never been debated, but the element 43 Ida calls Masurium is skeptical and rejected by other scientists. Today, that element is called Technetium, discovered by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre. The study described the basic process of Ida's nuclear fission reaction was completely rejected and only recognized five years later.

6. Esther Lederberg

Esther's discoveries were made with her husband Joshua Lederberg, but Esthe's contributions were virtually unknown while Joshua was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for their inventions. Esther was the first to solve the problem of colonial colony regeneration. Although there were many important discoveries in the field of biology and genetics, Esther's scientific career hardly received recognition from his colleagues, but honored his husband Joshua. Even Esther was demoted as assistant professor while Joshua was appointed as the founder and chairman of the Department of Genetics.

7. Lise Meitner

The process of nuclear decay is a major discovery for the scientific community, but few know that a woman named Lise Meitner was the first to make this theory. In 1944, Otto Hahn, who had met and discussed with Meitner about this hypothesis, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering nuclear decay but never mentioned Meitner. Although not receiving the Nobel Prize, Meitner's name was given to the 109th chemical element, as a reward for a true female scientist.

8. Henrietta Leavitt

Leavitt started working on measuring and cataloging stars at the Harvard Observatory, a rare job for women and paid only 30 cents per hour. During his work, Leavitt noticed the model between the star's brightness and the distance from the Earth and developed the idea of ​​a time-brightness relationship, allowing scientists to find the distance of a star comes to Earth based on its brightness. Famous astronomers such as Harlow Shapley and Edward Hubble use Leavitt's findings as the basis for their research while Leavitt is refused to recognize personal discovery by Harvard University principal. In 1926 Mittas Leffler finally noticed Leavitt and nominated a scientist for the Nobel Prize, but Leavitt died before he could receive this noble title.

9. Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Burnell graduated with a bachelor's degree in physics from Glasgow University. While independently studying with telescopes, Burnell noticed specific and continuous signals emanating from something in space that would later be called pulser from neutron stars. This discovery was quickly recognized with Antony Hewish's name. While Burnell was the independent researcher, Hewish was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize for this discovery.

10. Rosalind Franklin

At age 33, Rosalind was the one who found the shape of DNA consisting of two sequences. After using the advanced X-ray machine, Rosalind obtained films of DNA in B. Rosalind's colleague Maurice Wilkins provided research and photographs taken to Watson and Crick, thereby The two scientists could build the DNA structure in 1953 and receive a Nobel Prize. The name Rosalind Franklin was not even mentioned once in the speech when receiving the award.

11. Emilie du Chatelet (1706 - 1749)

Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil married marquis Chatelet in 1725, then lived a fairly peaceful life with three children. However, at the age of 27, Emilie began studying mathematics and physics quite seriously.

Together with the philosopher Voltaire, she built a physics laboratory at the Chatelet residence and began the process of studying the nature of fire. Emilie's major contribution to French science is the French translation of Isaac Newton's famous book Principia , which is still used today.

12. Caroline Herschel (1750 - 1848)

Caroline suffered from typhus and sequelae, leaving her height at 1.3 m. However, overcoming these difficulties, Caroline became the first female astronomer to discover comets. And then King George III appointed and paid her to do astronomical studies, Caroline became the first woman to be paid as a scientist.

She herself was the one who added 550 stars to the star index set first compiled by the royal astronomer John Flamsteed. She also received a Gold Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society of England. At the age of 96, Caroline still received a scientific gold medal from the German king.

13. Mary Anning (1799 - 1847)

Mary was born into a working-class family in England, her father used to exploit fossils for sale to tourists and from there Mary had an interest in paleontology.

Mary made a series of revolutionary discoveries in the early nineteenth century. She unearthed the giant bones of fish lizards, plesiosaurs. This is an extremely important finding that helps resolve the controversy about the extinction of this ancient creature.

14. Mary Somerville (1780 - 1872)

Mary Somerville's mathematical passion began with a funny question in a fashion magazine. Later, the 14-year-old began to work on algebra and math research despite her father's ban.

After Mary's first husband died, she worked with scientist John Playfair to study magnetic properties and write a lot of research on mathematics, physics, chemistry and astronomy. Mary was also one of the first two women, along with Caroline Herschel as an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society.

15. Maria Mitchell (1818 - 1889)

In 1847, Maria Mitchell became the first American to identify a comet through a telescope. According to the book ' Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals', on the evening of October 1, 1847 Michell discovered an unprecedented light through a telescope. Then she became famous for her discovery.

Later, an Astronomical Association named after her was founded and made many important contributions in astronomy. Most of her research and the Maria Mitchell Association are all about discovering things we don't know about comets. In it, the Rosetta project laid the foundation for the spacecraft landing on comets today, in order to better understand whether the origin of life originates from these tiny stars.

16. Barbara McClintock (1902 - 1992)

The genetic research of geneticist Barbara McClintock in the 1940s changed our understanding of the human genome. When she published her research on the corn genome, the scientific community disagreed. When McClintock's study showed that the genome is not fixed, it has a lot of changes across different lifetimes, not to mention mutations.

Although it was years before scientists proved McClintock's theory to be true, she was later awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Biology and became the first American woman to receive a science award. This honor.

17. Dorothy Hodgkin (1910-1994)

Dorothy had earlier revealed extraordinary chemistry and while studying at Somerville University, she studied the molecular structure of penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin. Her work helped draw complex protein maps that were welcomed as a great achievement.

Since then, scientists have been able to change and synthesize new strains of penicillin, insulin and B12, to help save countless lives. She received the Nobel Prize in 1964 by discovering the structure of B12 and also a human rights activist fighting for peace and disarmament in the world.