The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics goes to the trio of scientists

The Nobel Prize for Physics 2016 has just been awarded to three scientists, David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz.

According to information recently announced, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm chose the 2016 Nobel Prize for Physics, three scientists David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for their theoretical discoveries about the topological transformation and topological phases of matter.

The phase transition takes place when the phases of the matter are converted back and forth, for example when ice melts into water.

The most common phases of matter are gas, liquid, and solid. In extremely hot or very cold temperatures, matter moves to more rare bodies.

The trio of scientists won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics - (Photo: NobelPrize.org).

Mr. Duncan Haldane has studied the material to form thin filaments that can be considered as one-dimensional.

And Kosterlitz and Thouless have studied phenomena on the surface or inside extremely thin layers that can be viewed as two-dimensional objects.

According to Wikipedia, topology or topology is of Greek root topologia (Greek: τοπολογία) consisting of topos (meaning "place") and logos (research), a mathematical discipline that studies properties It is also preserved through distortions, twists, and stretches but with the exception of tearing and sticking.

Therefore, topology is also called the "geometry of rubber film" . These properties are called topological invariants. When this discipline was first discovered in the early years of the 20th century, it was still called in Latin as the geometria situs (geometry of place) and analysis situs. From 1925 to 1975 it became the most important area of ​​mathematics.

The financial reward for each Nobel Prize is 8 million Swedish kronor (about 930,000 USD). If many winners, the amount will be divided equally. Nobel Prize for Literature is often not shared.