Environment

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Articles & explainers

7,336 published items in this category and its subcategories.

What Are Seismic Waves?
Environment

What Are Seismic Waves?

Seismic waves are vibrations that carry energy away from an earthquake, explosion or other sudden source. Their speed and path depend on the elastic properties and densi…

September 11, 2026
What Is Plate Tectonics?
Environment

What Is Plate Tectonics?

Plate tectonics is the framework that explains the large-scale motion of Earth's rigid outer shell. The lithosphere is broken into plates that move over the weaker asthe…

September 11, 2026
How Do Volcanoes Erupt?
Environment

How Do Volcanoes Erupt?

Volcanoes erupt when magma and gases move from depth toward Earth's surface and pressure overcomes the strength of surrounding rock. The style of eruption depends on mag…

September 11, 2026
How Do Earthquakes Happen?
Environment

How Do Earthquakes Happen?

Earthquakes happen when stress accumulated in rocks is released suddenly as a fault slips. Tectonic plates move continuously, but friction can lock parts of their bounda…

September 11, 2026
How Do Climate Models Work?
Environment

How Do Climate Models Work?

Climate models are mathematical representations of the atmosphere, ocean, land, ice and the exchanges of energy and matter among them. They are built from physical laws…

September 11, 2026
What Is the Evidence for Climate Change?
Environment

What Is the Evidence for Climate Change?

Evidence for climate change comes from many independent measurements rather than one thermometer record. Surface stations, satellites, ocean instruments, ice observation…

September 11, 2026
How Do Weather Forecasting Models Work?
Environment

How Do Weather Forecasting Models Work?

Weather forecasting models are computer simulations that estimate how the atmosphere will evolve from an analyzed starting state. They translate physical laws into numer…

September 11, 2026
How Do Tornadoes Form?
Environment

How Do Tornadoes Form?

Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. Most strong tornadoes form from supercell thunderstorms, but not every sup…

September 11, 2026
How Do Hurricanes Form?
Environment

How Do Hurricanes Form?

Hurricanes form over warm tropical oceans when the atmosphere and ocean supply a specific combination of heat, moisture, rotation and organized thunderstorms. In other r…

September 11, 2026