Why can submarines dive and surface?
It is the magic of gravity and buoyancy. Any object in water, in addition to experiencing a downward vertical force, also experiences an upward force from the water. That upward force is buoyancy.
When the buoyancy is greater than gravity, the object will float on the surface of the water, when the buoyancy is less than gravity, the object will sink, when the buoyancy is equal to gravity or the difference is very small, the object will "float" at any position in the water.
If you adjust the difference between gravity and thrust of the submarine, it can sink or float. But the body of the submarine is fixed and unchanging, so the thrust it endures in the water is unchanged.
When the buoyant force is greater than gravity, the object will float to the surface of the water.
Therefore, to adjust this difference can only be done by changing the weight of the ship itself.
Submarine designers designed the submarine to have a hull consisting of two layers, an inner and an outer shell. The space between the inner and outer shells is divided into a number of water compartments. Each compartment has a water inlet valve and a water outlet valve.
When a submarine is floating on the surface of the water and wants to dive, it just needs to open the valve that leads water into the water tanks to let seawater quickly fill in. At that time, the weight of the submarine increases and when the weight exceeds the thrust, the submarine will sink.
If a submarine is underwater and wants to surface, it just needs to use a valve to let water in and then use compressed air with extremely high pressure to spray water in the water tanks through the discharge valve to flow out.
At that time, the weight is reduced, the buoyancy of the submarine is greater than gravity, so the submarine floats above the water surface. If the submarine wants to run in the water between the sea surface and the seabed, it can fill a part of the water tank.
Or the submarine releases some water from the water tank to regulate the weight of the submarine to be equal to or slightly greater than the thrust. At that time, the submarine can move in water areas with different depths and shallows.
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