Why is Earth less warm?

In the last decades of the last century, experts on climate change phenomenon and many scientists in other fields are constantly warning about the threat of global warming. If the warming of the Earth goes on regularly, it will lead to immeasurable consequences for life on this planet. Recently, some studies have shown that warming or cooling is caused by dark spots on the Sun. What is that?

Search for black spots

The most frequently mentioned cause is an increase in the concentration of gases causing 'greenhouse effect' (carbon dioxide, CFC .). These gases let most of the sunlight pass through, but when that light hits ground objects and gas molecules in the atmosphere, they produce infrared (heat) that is mostly difficult. escaping from the atmosphere contains the above gases causing global warming.

However, recently Sun scientists have shown that there is a connection between the warming and cooling of the Earth's surface and the change in the system of dark spots on the surface of the face. heaven - the consequence of its magnetic variation. And not only is there a connection, but it is also possible to think of the hypothesis that the change of these black traces is the main factor of global warming.

Experiment CLOUD, in the picture is Jasper Kirkby, director of experiment

If so, then every human effort to prevent or slow down this warming process is hopeless? The earth will keep getting hotter and it will gradually cool down to go into the glacial period or little ice age, as it used to happen in the past, but most recently in the 17th century. We are currently in the fourth Ice Age.

Answering the question 'What is the key agent of global warming currently taking place?' Of course not easy. Recent studies and statements by scientists about the relationship of the warming and cooling cycles of the Earth's surface with the variation of the Sun's magnetic field and with cosmic rays open up in a way new approach.

When observing the surface of the Sun with glasses with special filters, it was found to be unevenly bright. Areas with the lowest light intensity are called dark spots. These are the areas with the strongest magnetic activity, through which the energy from the deep areas of the Sun exits its surface and radiates into space. Observations in the last 250 years show that the number of these dark spots increases and decreases again in a period of about 11 years, called the solar cycle.

It should be noted that not all the dark spots are present, the Sun's surface is cooler. In fact the opposite: the dark spots themselves are extremely strong magnetic fields and radiant energy from them to more space from other regions. Therefore, during periods of heavy black spots, the radiation energy will be larger and on our ground the temperature will increase. One of such periods is the period mentioned above: from the early 17th century to the early 18th century.

During this period up to several decades almost no black spots were observed. Such periods are also called 'great solar minima' (grand solar minimum) or ' minima Maunder' (Maunder minimum).

In addition to the periodic change of the intensity of solar radiation with a short cycle of nearly 11 years, there is also a hypothesis of long cycles with a larger amplitude of variation. This hypothesis suggests that the long cycle lasts between 40,000 and 100,000 years.

A photo of the sun was taken in 2007. On the surface of the sun there was no black mark

The role of cosmic rays

Although there is a dependency of the Earth's surface temperature on the Sun's magnetic field, this dependency is not necessarily that the temperature on Earth increases in proportion to the number of dark spots.

Answer the question: 'Does the next Maunder minimum lead to the cooling on Earth?' , Gerald Meehl, who led a team of scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder (USA), confirmed: 'No!' . He said that it only slowed or stopped the current warming process in a short period of time, after which the warming process continued.

However, one thing we can hope is that the warming process that is currently happening may be coming to an end. The results of the Sun observations in the last 13 years show that the number of black marks is decreasing steadily and will continue in the coming years.

Matt Pen, a researcher at the Sun Observatory in Tucson (USA), said: 'We are still seeing the weakness of the black spot magnetism'. With such a trend, scientists predict that the stain-free state will arrive around 2022. Recently, it has been hypothesized that the strength of a magnetic field in the minimum cycle allows estimating the peak of it is in the next maximum cycle. If so, the next maximum will be less than the previous three maxima.

The graph shows the intensity of the solar magnetic field from 1967-2009, the color dots show the results measured by different experiments.The solid black line shows the simulation results by a group of German-Korean collaborators.The graph shows that the solar magnetic activity cycle is about 11 years

Another agent for climate change may be cosmic rays. However, it is still related to the magnetic field in the Sun. At CERN, scientists conducted the CLOUD experiment (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) to detect the mechanism of cloud formation. This experiment examines the second stage in the following hypothetical process:

The magnetic field of the sun intensifies → Many cosmic rays are blocked outside the Earth's atmosphere → Clouds are more difficult to form (due to having few 'nuclei' to form water droplets) → Sunlight is easily projected down Ground → The ground gets warmer.

Because testing only one stage (cosmic particles are the agents that create mist from water vapor in the air), even if this experiment is successful, it is not yet said that the whole process is definitely happening. In other words, the cosmic rays that promote global warming are still assumed.

Answering questions about the relationship between Earth's magnetic field and the number of cosmic rays reaching the Earth's surface, Dr. Jasper Kirkby, director of the CLOUD experiment, said: 'This connection is absolutely certain. sure. We also know that cosmic rays ionize every cubic centimeter of the Earth's atmosphere. However, it is not possible to confirm that this ionization is one of the factors affecting the climate. But we also know that clouds play a very important role in regulating the Earth's climate. '

"If the connection between cosmic rays and cloud formation on Earth is verified, it shows a natural cause of global warming," he added. Moreover, it also changes our understanding of the causes derived from human activity on Earth. We now know too little about greenhouse gases'.

Global warming is a very complex process and due to many factors, science still does not have a thorough answer to this process.