November 16, 1945 - The signing of the Convention established by UNESCO

In the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO was the center of a controversy in which the United States and Britain argued that this was a forum for communist countries and the third world against the West.

November 16, 1945 - UNESCO was officially born

UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, also known as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - is one of the major specialized organizations of the United Nations, working for the purpose of "tying tighten cooperation between countries on education, science and culture to ensure respect for justice, law, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people regardless of race, male and female, language, religion ".

UNESCO was established on November 16, 1945 with the signing of the Convention of UNESCO. On November 1, 1946, this Convention was officially in force for 20 countries that recognized it. In the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO was the center of a controversy in which the United States and Britain argued that this was a forum for communist countries and the third world against the West. The United States and Britain respectively withdrew from this organization in 1984 and 1985. After that, the United Kingdom and the United States joined the organization in turn in 1997 and 2003. In the late 1990s, UNESCO made one number of organizational reforms, such as cutting manpower and number of units. The number of offices decreased from 79 in 1999 to 52 this year.

UNESCO was organized with a General Assembly , an Executive Council and a Secretariat . The General Assembly consists of representatives of UNESCO member countries (each member country is elected with 5 delegates). The Executive Council consists of members elected by the General Assembly among the delegates nominated by the member countries; each member of the Council acts on behalf of his Government. The UNESCO Secretariat consists of the Director General and the number of employees recognized as necessary. The General Director is proposed by the Executive Council and elected by the General Assembly (6-year term) with the conditions approved by the General Assembly. The General Director is the highest official of UNESCO. Currently, UNESCO has 195 member countries. Member States of the United Nations have the right to join UNESCO; others can be accepted if introduced by the Executive Council and voted by the General Assembly with the majority of two-thirds of the members present.

Member States often establish an organization that represents UNESCO in their country, depending on specific conditions. Currently popular is the UNESCO National Committee, including representatives of the Government and Education, Science, Culture and Information sectors. Although there are representatives in each country, the motto of UNESCO is not to intervene in the internal affairs of the nations. The National Commission of UNESCO is responsible for advising its national delegations at the General Assembly and for the Government in matters relating to UNESCO. This committee usually consists of representatives from Departments, Departments, Ministries, other agencies and organizations interested in education, science, culture and information issues, as well as independent characters representing the world. relate to. It may also include permanent executive boards, coordinating agencies, states and other necessary sub-agencies.

In 1998, UNESCO officially endorsed software for software - software that can be used, reproduced, researched, changed and redistributed unrestricted, and can even be copied and redistributed. The format has been changed or preserved without restriction, or is limited to a minimum to ensure that subsequent recipients can do the same, while also avoiding the producers. Hardware export prevents user modifications to their hardware. This concept is mistaken for the definition of "free software" - software that you do not need to spend any cost to use it but the copyright and copyright still belong to its owner. ; and it does not mean that reverse engineer can be used, modified, or redistributed.

Although it is considered as one of the agencies with certain role in the United Nations activities, UNESCO was once the center of controversy in the past, especially in relation to the United States and the Kingdom. England, Singapore and the former Soviet Union. In the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO supported a "New World Information and Communication Order", and its MacBride report (MacBride report) called for media democratization. more equal communication and access to information, has been condemned in countries that have attempted to curb press freedom.

UNESCO has been perceived by some countries as a playground for communist countries and dictators of the Third World to attack the West. It manifested itself in Soviet accusations in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1984, the United States cut its contributions and then withdrew from UNESCO to protest, followed in 1985. is the United Kingdom. Singapore also withdrew, due to increased membership fees. After changing the government in 1997, he joined again. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on October 8, 2007.

Next, UNESCO created endless controversies when holding a conference called " World Media after WikiLeaks and World News " - The Media World after WikiLeaks and News of the World - in July / 2012. Although all six posters focused on WikiLeaks, no one from WikiLeaks was invited to be a speaker. After receiving a complaint from the spokesperson WikiLeaks Kristinn Hrafnsson, UNESCO invited him to attend, but did not give any position on the board. The proposals were made only a week before the conference was held in Paris, France.

Other speakers such as David Leigh and Heather Brooke speak out publicly against WikiLeaks and founder Julian Assange in the past. Earlier, WikiLeaks released a press release on February 15, 2012 denouncing UNESCO which said: "UNESCO has turned itself into a joke about international human rights. Using" free speech "to censorship of WikiLeaks from a conference on WikiLeaks is an absurd Orwellian thing that goes over every word. This is an overuse of the UNESCO Charter, it's time to attack UNESC O " Attached to the statement is the exchange email of the spokesperson WikiLeaks Kristinn Hrafnsson and the organizing committee of the UNESCO conference.

Most recently in October 2015, UNESCO became the cause of a controversy when documenting the " Nanjing Massacre " into the World Memory Book. This document is one of a total of 47 new proposals added to the documentary heritage program. The decision was made after a three-day meeting between UNESCO and the United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) in three days between 4 and 6 October and after a two-year process of 88-year review. from 61 countries. UNESCO's inclusion of Chinese documents on the " Nanjing Massacre" into the "World Memorandum of Records " immediately faced opposition from the Japanese Government. Kyodo news agency (Japan) on October 10 led the statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that " the proposed case (Chinese documents) is done on the basis of unilateral arguments " and "very unfortunate "when they are registered. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan also questioned the authenticity of the documents.

" The Nanjing Massacre " follows the Chinese call or " The Nanjing Event " in Japanese terms to refer to previous Japanese military actions carried out inside and around Nanjing after its formation. This street fell into the hands of Nhat Hoang army on December 13, 1937. The Chinese side said that the number of people killed was up to 300,000. Many Japanese historians have repeatedly argued about the authenticity of this massacre, claiming that the death toll is all soldiers and violent acts never happen. This event continues to be a controversial topic in China-Japan relations. The World Memorandum of Record is a list of heritage documents of the UNESCO World Memory Program, which was established in 1992 to preserve the documentary heritage of mankind for future generations.