What happened to the Alexandria lighthouse?

As one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the lighthouse stood tall over the port of Alexandria (Egypt) for many centuries .

However, this magnificent structure over 90 meters high eventually collapsed and today there is no trace left. Historians have searched for the cause of its disappearance and discovered many interesting things.

Magnificent project

Salvaging the ruins of the world's wonder lighthouse.

The idea of ​​the Alexandria lighthouse appeared around the beginning of the third century BC, when Ptolemy - a Greek general under Alexander the Great - declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt.

Built on the island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria , it is believed to have been designed by Sostratus of Cnidus (although he may have only been a financial backer). It is responsible for guiding the ship to shore and helping the captain avoid obstacles at night.

Although there are many different estimates, this project will take at least a decade - and possibly up to three decades - to complete. According to historians, it remained unfinished until the reign of Ptolemy II, who ruled Egypt from 284 - 246 BC.

Once completed, the Alexandria lighthouse was more than 90 meters high above the harbor and was one of the tallest man-made structures on Earth at that time. The lighthouse certainly added vitality to the port city of Alexandria, where Alexander the Great's mausoleum, the Alexandria Museum, the Serapeum and the Library of Alexandria are filled with rich knowledge about the ancient world.

In addition to its height record, the Alexandria lighthouse is also considered an architectural masterpiece. Most of what is known about its structure comes from the 20th-century German classical archaeologist Hermann Thiersch.

In his 1909 work, Pharos, antike, Islam und Occident, he described the lighthouse as being built with three floors. The lowest floor is square, the second floor is octagonal and the third floor is cylindrical.

Each level tilts slightly inward and a ramp spirals out toward the top, where there is a statue that could depict Ptolemy, Alexander the Great or some other Greek god.

Besides the always burning fire, the lighthouse is also equipped with a mirror, possibly made of bronze, to shine light out to the sea. This design helps the lighthouse to be seen from a distance of up to 50km.

Over the years, the lighthouse was repeatedly damaged by earthquakes and had to be regularly repaired, but historians' descriptions of it remained largely consistent: It was built of light-colored stone, the surface facing The sea has an inscription glorifying Zeus.

From 796 to 956, many large earthquakes occurred, causing the lighthouse to crack in some places, including the upper part, about 20 meters above the ground. Then, earthquakes and tsunamis in 1303 and 1323 destroyed much of the structure and turned it into ruins.

In 1480, the Sultan of Egypt built a fortress inside the ruins of the Alexandria lighthouse, completely erasing the remaining traces of this wonder.

Alexandria Lighthouse as described by later generations.

Ruins of world wonders

According to preserved records, the Alexandria lighthouse first appeared on the list of world wonders in the 6th century and it was still intact in the 12th century. After being destroyed by natural disasters and wars. , it seems to be forgotten over time. It was not until the 20th century that archaeologists made an amazing discovery about this magnificent structure.

In 1916, archaeologist Gaston Jondet discovered sunken ruins in the old port of Alexandria. He described the structure in detail but unfortunately lacked archaeological evidence to determine the exact date. By 1940, Sir Leopold Halliday Savile came here to research.

Archaeologists at this time believed that there was some ancient structure in the waters off Alexandria, but did not know exactly what.

In 1968, UNESCO sponsored a survey of the old port of Alexandria led by Honor Frost, a famous archaeological expert. Frost determined that Jondet's discovery was real, even claiming that the ruins belonged to the long-lost Alexandria lighthouse. But unfortunately, the research had to be paused because the area was in conflict and occupied by the army.

It wasn't until 1994 that archaeologist Jean-Yves Empereur, founder of the Center for Alexandria Studies, rediscovered the lighthouse ruins in the waters off Pharos Island.

The Egyptian government has contracted Empereur to map and catalog anything of archaeological significance off the coast of Pharos, as it prepares to build a concrete breakwater on the site. Empereur and cinematographer Asma el-Bakri, using a 35mm camera, captured the first underwater images of the ruins of the famous lighthouse.

According to Smithsonian magazine, Empereur's team has restored many parts of the ancient lighthouse, including giant granite blocks, 30 sphinxes, five obelisks and many columns with inscriptions dating back to the ancient lighthouse. Ramses II.

In total, scientists had cataloged more than 3,300 lighthouse fragments by the end of 1995, some of which were on display in museums in Alexandria. So the Alexandria lighthouse was given life for the second time.