Unified trends in physics

According to Weinberg, the Nobel Prize for unifying electromagnetic interaction and weak interaction, a fundamental goal of physics is to admire the diversity of nature with a unified view .

The past achievement is a typical illustration: the unity between the celestial and earth mechanics of Newton in the seventeenth century, unity between Maxwell's optics and the theory of electricity and magnetism in the nineteenth century, unified figure studying space - time and Einstein's theory of gravity in 1905 and 1916, unity between chemistry and atomic physics through quantum mechanics in 1920. And now is the unity of the final unification theory of objects reason, a great career may be far from over.

Unified field theory

Field theory is The combination of narrow relativity (space theory) and quantum mechanics. By the end of the 1970s, it reached its peak through the standard model of particle physics when it unified three electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions within the logical framework of group theory. According to the standard model, the universe is composed of 6 quarks and 6 light particles (leptons) divided equally into 3 groups. The particles are connected by four basic interactions. In addition, 4 interactions are performed through bosons (gravitons for gravitation, virtual photons for electromagnetism, 3 intermediate bosons for weak interaction and 8 strongly interacting gluons). All of those particles and interacting particles were seen in the accelerator, except gravitons. So far, every attempt to unify Einstein's theory of relativity with the standard model has failed.

Weinberg scientist
(Photo: physik.uni-frankfurt.de)

There are more than 10 reasons for a standard model - the most basic physics theory in science history - not the final model of physics ^[2] . The highlight is:

• It does not include Einstein gravitation;
• It has ' arbitrary ' characteristics; for example, why 12, not 11 or 13, why 3, not 4 groups, why are the lepton and quark numbers equal ?;
• It does not explain why particles, and therefore matter, have mass.

To solve the third problem, Higgs assumes a kind of scalar field filling the universe. Interacting with the Higgs field, matter will have mass, the stronger the interaction, the greater the mass. Hunting for the Higgs boson is an important target of accelerators in the world, such as the LHC Large Hadron Collider of the European Nuclear Research Center in Geneva, Switzerland.

String theory

The turning point occurred when Veneziano (1968) discovered string theory quite casually ^[3] . Different from the hypothesis of the point theory of field theory, when the particle size is basically small enough compared to the distance between them, the new theory sees them as one-way, two-dimensional film or more multi-dimensional entities with size 10 -32 cm (about 10 times the length of Planck 10-33cm). Like a vibrating string, it will produce musical notes (resonant vibrations), strings or membranes that vibrate in the air - the 11-dimensional time will create all known and unknown elementary particles and all characteristics their reasoning (such as charge or mass). More precisely, fundamental particles and physical properties are only the resonance state of the wire or membrane at a smaller energy level than Planck. Planck energy is the energy needed to unify four interactions, about 1018 GeV, equivalent to the power of a bullet. However, to accelerate an elementary particle to that energy, it is necessary to have a solar system accelerator, even the size of the universe seen ^[4] !

Why not - time has 11 minutes? The answer does not come from a deep physical cause, but merely from mathematics. Only with no time - afternoon, it is possible to avoid the probability of finding a negative value - a physical nonsense. That's because string theory was attacked, when rivals thought it was not based on empirical evidence, but only on aesthetics. However, such attacks are calming down, as the theory becomes more and more promising.

The biggest advantage of string theory is a unified problem, when all interactions can be unified naturally in its logical framework. The other big advantage is the contribution in cosmology when it gives two additional scenarios for the standard Big Bang inflation scenario (Big Bang money model and crash film model). It also solves the black entropy problem. The basic disadvantage of the theory includes:

• Lack of principles to guide the foundation, the same principle in Einstein theory,
• Lack of the necessary mathematics such as Euclidean geometry is the basis of Newtonian physics or Riemann geometry which is the basis of Einstein's physics;
• Depend on the background, when equations are written in non-quantum non-quantum time, in other words no - time does not appear from the theory itself ^[5] .

Conception - 11-dimensional time can also be considered a drawback.

Quantum ring theory

Lee Smolin scientist
(Photo: wikipedia)

There are two ways to find unified theory: from quantum mechanics and relativism The theory of people goes from quantum mechanics and though it has achieved many achievements, but not the only way. The theory of quantum gravity (loop quantum gravity) of Smolin and colleagues derives from Einstein's theory, with two obvious principles of relativity ^[6] . To build theory, Smolin offers a revolutionary perspective on space-time. He conceived, the material and the energy, the space-time, also had an interrupt structure from quanta. Spatial quanta is Planck length 10-33 cm, quantum time is Planck time 10-43 seconds. Those quanta connect each other to form space - time and the universe. It is noteworthy that wires or membranes in string theory can also be constructed from quanta, like red snakes playing together from logs.

The biggest advantage of ring quantum gravity is that it is not ground-dependent, when there is no need for presuppositional space-time as string theory, but it occurs naturally from the system of equations. The other big advantage is that there is no need to look for new grounding principles (because there is a relative principle). Entropy black holes are also well resolved. No - time with only 4 dimensions is also an advantage, according to Occam's blade principle ^[7] .

The main disadvantages of the theory include:

• No idea of ​​unifying the interactions;
• No contribution in cosmology ^[8] .

Excluding the possibility that wires and loops are two sides of a problem, because the advantage of this theory is the drawback of the other theory and vice versa. Even the famous string theorist Greene agreed in an interview ^[9] .

Other theories

In addition to the above two approaches, there are many other unified theories, such as Penrose's twistor theory, Connesian's non-commutative geometry, Regge differential models, condensed physics-based models . They haven't. achieve success as string theory or quantum gravitational attraction [8].

Experimental verification

For a long time, the success of field theory fueled the construction of accelerators growing. Typically the large Hadron Collider LHC (Large Hadron Cothder) in Europe and the SSC Superconducting Super-Collider in the United States. Besides other tasks, they are designed to track down Higgs bosons. With a circumference of more than 80 km, the SSC will have enough energy to create the Higg's particle, which is considered to be the source of the mass, so it is even called ' God's seed '. By 1993, the US Congress had stopped providing funding for the project, although the tunnel system was half completed with a cost of $ 2 billion. However, the reason is not because it is too costly or scientific policy change, as it may be mistaken.

Big bang (Photo: vista-arts)

The root cause is the emergence of new ideas such as wire or quantum gravity attraction. With the concept of the elementary particle being just the vibrational state of the wire or the membrane, the Higgs boson has reduced its importance and interest. The problem is finding the wire or membrane. To do so, you must reach Planck energy level, an impossible task on the accelerator. So where and how to find Planck's energy? The answer is in Big Bang or black hole, physical realities meet the ultimate consistency criterion. That is why the US shifted from building accelerators to launching satellites to radiating remnants and gravitational waves from Big Bang, as well as monitoring gamma radiation explosions in the universe (considered by super black holes at the center of galaxies gravitate toward them and accelerate them to near the speed of light.

In the next 5 years, radiation measurements from gamma explosions can help answer the question of no-time continuous structure or interruption, thereby confirming the correctness of string theory or quantum gravity attraction. . And in the next 10 years, gravitational measurements from Big Bang can choose one of three Big Bang scenarios ^[10] . If the Big Bang or collision film scenario is confirmed, it is also an indirect proof of string theory. That proves that it is possible to find empirical evidence of unified theory, something that is hopeless if only using an accelerator. In addition, the development of search satellite systems also proved pessimistic about the future of basic science due to lack of investment seems inaccurate.

There is no ' super interaction ' related to life

In relation to the interaction of unity, the world currently circulates a notion that there may be super interactions or super energies associated with anomalies. They are beyond the ability of current science. In fact, that view has long been rejected by science.

The Eastern concept of " vitality " or Western " living liquid " has been rejected since 1818, when Wohter synthesized ammonia. In 1953, Miller created many amino acids when sparking electricity through the gas cylinder to simulate the old earth atmosphere. It is now possible to create artificial viruses and almost make living cells. That means only with ordinary matter and interaction, life can also arise and develop. The assumption of super interactivity that science has not yet been able to discover is only a reflection. That super interaction must be strong enough or weak enough so that the current science will give up; that is contrary to the reality because the energy and food we receive every day is not so valuable. Since the nineteenth century, Lavoisier has demonstrated the conservation of the body's energy when measured in heat.

From the modern point of view, only with " normal " matter and interaction as in the non-living world, but when they come together to form cells, bodies and brains, due to the law of quantity - the substance of philosophy Learning dialectics, floating features will appear ^[11], they symbolize a particular state, called the state of life. ^[12] According to Schrodinger, special life is not for the type of interaction or energy. new, but because its physical structure is so complex ^[13] And the transformation between life and death is just a phase transition between the two motivational states, not the participation of energies or metaphysical interaction, such as the energy of each concept.

^[1] Weinberg S (1999). A Unified Physics by 2050 ?, Scientfic American, Dec 1999, pp 36 - 43. Presenting the unified trend of physics in history and now, asserting that European practice will complete the standard model but perhaps need new (super-thick) concepts of unified theory, not yet presenting the quantum gravity attraction.

^[2] Kane G (2005), The Mysterles of Mass, Scientfic American, Jul. 2005, pp 30 -37. Present the Higgs mechanism and why the standard model cannot be the final theory.

^[3] Wehberg S (1992), Dreams of a Final Theory, Pantheon Books, NY. Presenting attempts to build a unified theory to seek support for the SSC project, eventually failed when the US Congress stopped spending money in 1993.

^[4] Hawking S (2001), The Universe in a Nutshell, Bantam Press, London. Presenting the unified theory and efforts to apply in cosmology, wondering about the future of intellect and humanity, affirming that the Planck energy level accelerator is technologically impossible.

^[5] Smolin L (2001) Three Roads to Quantum Gravity Basic Books, NY. Presenting the pros and cons of the three basic approaches to unified theory: wire, ring quantum gravity and other theories, asserting experimentation will determine in the near future.

^[6] Smolh L (2004) Atoms of Space and Time, scientific American, Jan.2004, method 56 - 65. Presentation of the quantum gravitation theory of zero discontinuity hypothesis - the theoretical time of seeking empirical evidence.

^[7] Occam's razor: Proverbs of English logic and philosopher William of Occam (or Ockham) (ca. 1285 - 1349). Accordingly ' reality does not develop too much '. If there are two explanations and in a simpler way, choose a simple way. Occam's saving principle is a good guide of Western science.

^[8] Smolin L (2004), Quantum Theories of Gravity Results and Prospects, In: Science and the Ulti-mate Reality, Editors: Barrow JD, Davies PCW, Harper CL, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, method 492 - 527. Present advantages and disadvantages of unified theories with the ability to verify in the near future.

^[9] Greene B (2003), The Future of String Theory, Scienfic American, Nov. 2003, method 48 - 53. Discussing prospects and futures string theory, recognizing strings and quantum gravity can be two sides of a problem.

^[10] Veneziano G (2004) The Myth of Ginning of Time, Scientific American, April 2004, Method 30 - 39. Presenting the nature of time in two cosmological models based on string theory, assert Satellite gravitational measurements in the near future will choose between three Big Bang scenarios: standard inflation, Big bang money and membrane and touch.

^[11] New properties appear due to increased structural complexity, according to the amount of morphology turned into Hegel (emergent properties). Life is such a floating characteristic. Phan Dinh Dieu uses the term ' dominant ', Pham Van Thieu uses the term ' sudden '. The writer suggests the term 'coherent', because those features emerge due to a combination of components.

^[12] Mishra PK (1984 & 1985), The Living State, vol 1, Wiley Eastern, New Dehli, 1984, vol 2, World scientific, Singapore, 1985. Collection of works of 2 international conferences in India the state of life and the presence of Prigogine (dissociation structural theory), Haken (epistemology), Thom (theory of catastrophe), Frohlich (theory of radiation combined biology), Smith (electric theory) biological), Davydov (biological soliton theory) and many scientists open another path. Affirming life is a dynamic state, which occurs due to phase transition.

^[13] Schorodinger E (1944), Whats is Life? Oxford Univ., Press, Oxford. The work paves the way to examine life from a physical point of view, asserting that biological complexity is the nature of the problem, not ' metaphysical biology '.