Blazei - Mushroom production and application

Blazei's mushroom, Agaricus blazei Murrill, belongs to the Agaricaceae family, Acaricales, Basidiomycotina sub-sector, Eumycota, Mycota. Blazei mushrooms also have other names such as Persian Mushrooms, Big Pine Mushrooms, Queen Mushrooms, Lord's Mushrooms (Cognelo de Deus), Himematsutake Mushrooms.

On April 24, 1944, scientist W. Blazei discovered that in the Gainesville prairies bordering the Atlantic Ocean, in the state of Florida a strange strain of fungus F. 32911. This fungus was later found in both Southern California, in Brazil and Peru.

Blazei fat mushroom (Photo: alibaba)

In the summer of 1965 a Brazilian-Japanese merchant was found in the outskirts of Pedade, in Sao Paolo (Brazil), a delicious mushroom flavor that the locals call the Lord's Mushroom. He brought this mushroom spore to Japan and studied cultivating the fruiting body. They named the Dai Nguyen Nhung Mushroom. It was not until 1967 that new taxonomists found that Agaricus blazei Murill mushrooms were mentioned.

In 1991 Dr. Tien Minh Dieu from the Center for Mushroom Feeding Research, of the Sichuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences (China) brought this mushroom from Japan and cultivated a successful trial. In 1992, this mushroom was thoroughly studied on biological characteristics and culture characteristics by Department of Plant Protection Research and Department of Soil Research, under the Fujian Science Institute. The cultivation of Blazei fat mushroom spreads in the areas of Fuzhou, Vu Duc, La Nguyen, Tien Du, and Vu Khe in Fujian. Then the mushroom cultivation has spread to many provinces in China. Persian mushroom products in Sichuan and Fujian are mainly sold to Japan and partly salted for domestic consumption.

Agaricus blazei mushroom has hemispherical caps, gradually flattening . The diameter of the mushroom cap varies from 5-12cm, brownish, brown scales. The flesh is white, the middle is thick, the outside is thin. The mushroom is white, turning old into dark brown. Mushroom stalks are about 5-13cm long, 1.0-2.5cm in diameter, white or light yellow.

The spores (basidiospore) are shaped from oval to ovoid with a size of about 5.2-7.0 x 3.7- 6.31mm. Make sure the size of 5.5- 7.5 x 15.2-20.0 mm, on the top there are 4 small stalks carrying spores.

Fruiting bodies are similar to other fat mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, A. bitorquis) but are colored from light ash brown to yellow brown with many fibrous scales. Diameter of mushroom cap is about 6-11cm.

The stalk is 4-14cm long, 2-3cm in diameter, cylindrical shaped, in the center of the fruit body, evenly and uniformly, the color and surface are similar to the mushroom caps. The meat portion is about 11mm thick. Mushroom fibers have a width of about 3-6mm. The appropriate temperature for the growth of mycelia is 10-37 ⁰ C, preferably at 23-27 ⁰ C. For fruiting bodies, the right temperature to produce is 16-33 ⁰ C, but best is 18-25 ⁰ C.

Blazei mushrooms are suitable for planting in the North of our country in the Winter-Spring crop . Not suitable for summer planting or planting in the South. When cold below 10 ⁰ C, mycelium does not grow, below 19 ⁰ C mycelia grows slowly. With a temperature of 29 ⁰ C, the hyphae grow very fast but are very weak and easy to age. Over 30 ⁰ C hyphae begin to slow down. At 37 ⁰ C mycelium is dried up. When the temperature is over 25 ⁰ C, the fruiting body is still forming but the stem is long and easy to spread the mushroom cap.

The moisture content in Agaricus blazei mycelium material is best at about 58.5% (corresponding to the ratio of 1 material: 4 countries). Air humidity is also an important factor to develop mycelium and produce fruiting bodies, the most appropriate relative humidity to develop mycelium is 60-85%, to produce fruiting bodies is 85-95%. The moisture content of the cover soil should be 60-65%. Need to equip the hygrometer in the mushroom growing room. The appropriate pH for growth of mycelium is 4.5-8,5, but it is best 6-7. When the fruiting body is best, the pH should be about 6.5-7.5. The pH of the cover soil should be 7.

Blazei mushrooms are delicious and have high nutritional value .

A product made from Blazei (Photo: lifexpand)

If calculated according to fresh weight, then 100g to 85 grams of water in 100g. If calculated by dry weight, in 100 g mushrooms have 40-50g protein, 38-45g carbohydrate, 6-8g cellulose, 5-7 g minerals, 3-4g crude lipids, in addition there are 0.3mg Thiamin (vitamin B1), 3,2mg Riboflavin (B2), 4,92mg Nicotinic acid. The protein of this mushroom has 18 amino acids, including 8 non-substituting amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, threonin, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine).

Particularly important is the medicinal value of Blazei fat mushroom. The antitumor effect (anticancer) of this fungus is evident in the following 6 types of polysacharide: b-glucan Flo-ab; a-glucan FA -1-aa; b-galactoglucan FA-1-ab; acid ribonucleic FA-2-bb; Protein III glucan F III-2-b; Xyloglucan FIV-2-b. The mechanism of effect and effectiveness of tumor resistance of the polysacharide in Blazei fat mushroom is highlighted in many systematic studies in many countries.

Since ancient times, people have used Blazei fat mushroom tea to treat many diseases : diseases related to immune system disorders, circulatory and digestive disorders, as well as diabetes and syndromes. allergies or liver disorders. Former US President Ronald Reagan also had treatment with Blazei fat mushroom to win skin cancer and through that event, the medicinal effect of this mushroom has been known worldwide. Since the pharmacological effectiveness of Blazei fat mushroom has been discovered, a lot of research on this subject has been done worldwide. In particular, studies over the past 25 years have shown that Blazei has a great effect on cancer prevention and prevention. According to studies by Japanese scientists, Blazei has a 99.4% effectiveness in cancer prevention and 90% of cancer treatment effectiveness. According to Japanese scientists, fat mushroom Blazei proved to be 80% more effective than PSK, the best medicine for cancer treatment. Currently, Blazei fat mushroom is widely used in cancer therapy in many Asian countries. It is noteworthy that Blazei mushroom is a delicious, nutritious mushroom and does not cause any side effects that are harmful to the human body.

The reason Blazei is so highly effective is because in the chemical composition of mycelium as well as the fruiting body of this mushroom, there are special active ingredients with specific immune effects:

- The polysaccharide-protein complexes : mainly composed of Beta-1,6-D-glucan, Beta-1,3-D-glucan ^{[3], [7], [8],} some studies for that includes Beta – 1,4 – a – D-glucan ^[4] . These polysaccharides are powerful activators of macrophages in the body's immune system. Macrophages are important because they are the body's first protective barrier. The enhancement of macrophage activity is synonymous with the enhancement of prevention and prevention of pathogens from the first infiltration stage. Activation of macrophages also leads to increased levels of cytokines. These are important proteins responsible for catalyzing and regulating a wide range of body's immune responses. In addition, macrophages also have interactions with T lymphocytes, which initiate specific immune reactions ^[5] . Therefore, when the activity of macrophages is activated, these specific reactions are also enhanced. In addition, many studies have shown that the above polysaccharides also have the effect of inhibiting abnormal cell growth, especially they have a stimulating effect, increasing the number of killer lymphocytes. (killer cells) naturally. These cells are capable of detecting and destroying the abnormal growth cells of the body, cancer cells. Thus, in general view, the polysaccharides in the composition of the fat mushroom Blazei work to greatly enhance the body's immunity.

- Natural steroids, Ergosterol derivatives : Natural steroids of Blazei are effective at preventing cancer, especially uterine cancer ^[9] . The ergosterol is known as pre-vitamin D2, a type of agent also capable of fighting cancer.

In order to cultivate Blazei mushroom mycelium on slant agar medium (grade 1), one of the following environments should be used:

MT1 MT2 MT3 MT4 MT5
Potato 200g 200g 200g
Diameter 20g 5g
Glucose 20g 20g
30g corn flour
Decomposed compost 100-150g 50g 50g
MgSO4 0.5g
KH2PO4 1.0g
CaCl2 0.1g
Fe2SO4 0.1g
CaSO4 1g
Jelly 20g 20g 20g 20g 20g
Water 1000ml 1000ml 1000ml 1000ml 1000ml

To produce level 2 seeds in cotton-button wide mouth glass bottles, one of the following environments can be used:

1- Rice straw - 375kg; Rice bran- 10kg; 15kg dry chicken manure; Quicklime - 8kg; Ammon sulphate - 10kg; Super phosphate - 5kg; Water - moist enough.

2- Rice straw - 350kg; 75kg dry cow manure; 65kg cotton seed shell; Gypsum -% kg; Super phosphate - 5kg; Urea- 2.5kg; Water is moist enough.

Soak straw, cotton seed pods in 2-3 hours. Take out to drain, keep in pile for 1-2 days. Cow dung, dried chicken manure need to be crushed, sifted through iron mesh, add enough water, and compost into heap in 1-2 days. Then take out one layer of raw materials (rice straw, cotton balls, etc.), then a layer of raw materials (dried manure and other ingredients). Stack into a pile with a trapezoidal cross-section, cover the wet sack or plastic (nylon) cloth on top. Blankets on both sides with bricks prevent the wind from flying. For fermentation during the day.

Put the medium into a 750ml bottle, with a 3cm diameter neck; or PE or PP thin film bags 33-35cm long, 0.04-0.05mm thick. Compressing materials tightly enough but still ensuring enough foam. If it is a plastic bag, it is necessary to create the neck by inserting the top of the bag through a piece of hard plastic pipe. Make cotton buttons have a moderate tightness. Take the steam sterilizer with boiling steam for 7-8 hours. Do not use pressure autoclaves because high temperatures above 1000C will tear the thin film bag.

Wait to cool and take out the seed from the first grade seed tube (growing on the slant agar). After transplanting, cover the cotton button or cover it with a thin film that punctured a few holes and cover it with paper.

Keep the seeded bags or bags on the shelves in the room with a temperature of 23-270C and air humidity 65-75. When mushroom mycelium has grown, we use it to transplant into production environment (level III).

The raw materials used for growing A. blazei include mainly rice straw, stalks of corn, beans, sugarcane . cotton seed husks, grains of residue, corn cobs, oil driers . In addition to animal manure, poultry, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate, potassium, MgSO ₄ , gypsum, CaCO ₃ , and powder. The ratio of C: N should be 33: 1. These ingredients need to be piled up to ferment to produce heat. The temperature can reach 70 - 75 ^o C. at this temperature microorganisms (except their spores). All kinds of insects, nematodes also die. Thermophilic actinomycetes will work vigorously at this high temperature, decomposing these complex polymeric substances into low molecular lines. Later hyphae will use these low molecular compounds to synthesize their biomass. Composting the material is the first step that is very important after the mixing process.

Use dry, un-stubborn straw, not moldy, do not use rice straw for dust and dust due to drying on the highway. For every 1 ton of dry straw, use 20kg of wet lime. Mixing lime into water creates a bloody solution like water in rice. Submerge straw for 3-5 minutes. Straw straw turns pale yellow. Take out and drain for 3-5 minutes then put in the compost pile.

Put this straw into the compost pile, usually 1 x 1.5 x 1.8 m. Stopping straw to a level of 30 - 50cm, stop to sprinkle with urea. Another class of straw is another 30 - 50cm high. Again sprinkle urea so that the compost pile is as high as 1.5m. It is necessary to distribute urea so that every 1 ton of dry straw uses only 5kg of urea. When sprinkling, note the lower part sprinkled with urea protein, the more you go up and down.

It is recommended to incubate the straw on the concrete floor, underneath the plastic lining, do not incubate directly on the concrete substrate and also do not incubate on the ground, brick floor. When finished, keep the plastic cover and cover the compost pile. Use tight rope or nylon rope around the compost pile.

After 3 days out. Remove the top ingredients and cook them down. When having a thickness of 30 - 50cm, sprinkle with phosphate fertilizer (it is recommended to use a smooth phosphate type - thermophotphat, of Van Dien Phosphate plant), also do the same as above with only nitrogen replacement, and reverse the straw from top to bottom from bottom to top. How to make all the straw when it is finished, it has just finished the fertilizer and still follows the principle when sprinkling phosphorus, then sprinkling less, on a lot. Use up 30kg of fused phosphate for 1 ton of dry straw. Also cover the plastic and tie it like the first time. After 3 days, it will appear again and again as the second time.

The third time, replace the phosphate with light powder, ie CaCO ₃ . Also do the above, 30 - 50cm away, sprinkle lightly powder once, sprinkle less on sprinkles a little. How to put the straw in the upper layer of the island below, the bottom of the island when the straw is stacked. For every 1 ton of dry straw, 25kg of light flour is used up. Also covered with nylon and tied tightly like 2 times on.

After 3 days again, check the humidity, if necessary, add water to prevent it from drying out, roll up the straw and then re-incubate it like before but do not add any more ingredients. Incubation for another 3 days is sufficient. All need to incubate for a total of 12 days. Then pull a handful of materials at a certain angle, grasp the hand and squeeze again, if you see a few drops of water are good, when you drop it instead, the material still sticks together into a grasp. If you see more water flowing out, you need to dry the material for 10-20 minutes and then check the moisture again in the above way. If there is no water leaked between fingers, you need to mix 5kg of wet lime into 100 liters of clean water, then add this water gradually to the material until the humidity test is just enough. Continue to cover the plastic for another 3 days (forming 15 whole days).

Note that when reversing the compost pile 4 it is necessary to reduce the length and increase the height for the compost pile.

After completion of the process of incubating straw, we put it in the compartments of the shelf or place it right on the floor into the beds of 1m, arbitrary length (depending on the size of the house or floor). The height of the material layer is 20-22cm. Should use straw to roll the straw back into each bundle above the circle, 20cm high, 10 - 15cm diameter. Arrange in a straight line and attach to the bed. Previously put pineapple sacks lined under the bed.

If the price is multistage, the floor must be 50 - 60cm from the other floor. The height of the price should not exceed 2m for easy care. The bottom of each floor has pineapple sacks.

When working on the floor, before spreading the pineapple sacks, sprinkle the floor with a layer of dry lime.

In the bed for 7 days, use a thermometer to hold it about 8 - 10cm deep, to take out the temperature for 5 minutes. If reaching 22-25 ^o C is good. If the temperature is 25 - 28 ^o C, it is due to the fact that the material is too tight and the heat is generated. Then need to remove some of the material hold and re-arrange the material from the top of the island to the bottom, the bottom turns up. After 1 day of transplanting.

If the temperature is 7 days, the seedling is ready to start. Using rake made of steel with 3-5 teeth, teeth 5cm long, 3cm apart, rolled long or short depending on specific conditions. Rake well on the bed surface every m2. For 1 meter length of beds, use 1 seed bag that has white mushroom mycelium (0.5kg). Just scratch in one direction (either horizontal or vertical), without scratching and mixing. When scratching if there is any part

(Photo: paddestoelenteelt) The material is stuck in the rake trench, so we take it out and put it together for later use as the covering material on the bed surface. Usually do seed in rice. Then squeeze it out and sprinkle it on the raked lines on the bed surface. Any part that is stuck on the surface uses a hand to slide down the groove. Finally, apply a thin layer of material on the bed surface, about 1.0 - 1.5cm thick. After transplanting, use newspaper or cement paper to cover the entire surface of the bed. Use a water sprayer to moisten the surface of the coated paper. Create such moist for 15 days in a row (no humidity at night).

On the 15th day, remove the paper covering the surface and take out a small handful of ingredients to see that a white mushroom mycelium spreads all over the material. Beginning to the cover stage.

Get the field land in the cultivation layer, practice it as carefully as making " earthworks ". Roll and fold like a big ring and let it cool for 12 hours. If you see that the ground is broken into pieces, the soil and sand are not available. If the bird's nest is useful. Try good soil to exploit and then use it. For every 1 ton of raw materials, 500kg of soil should be prepared.
Download thin soil to dry on the yard. Use 0.05% Formol solution to spray into the soil to disinfect the soil. Dry the soil for 15 days, it rains when it rains.

Sprinkle the soil into each seed, each piece is about the size of a corn grain covering the surface of the bed. Thickness of soil cover is about 1.0 - 1.5cm. Absolutely do not use loose soil, powdered soil or soils. After covering the soil with water spraying (spraying with a deep pot of pesticide without pesticides), spray once every 2 hours, spray continuously for the first 3 days (only spraying during the day). Take a piece of earth and break it to observe. If you see a brown color from the outside, the soil has enough moisture. If it is in the middle of a white color, it is not enough moisture. Then it takes another day to spray and then check the moisture again in this way.

After 2 days of humidification, we start spraying the beds. If it is dry, spray no more than 4 times a day, if it is wet, spray only once in the evening.

When it found that fruiting bodies began to appear speckled like white bean seeds, the number of sprays should be increased. Use a sprayer, turn the nozzle over to spray. Spray several times in a sprinkler. It was very dry, but not more than 6 times. It is rainy and wet, so don't spray. From the time when the mushroom appeared until it was harvested it was about 72 hours.

When weighing mushroom has grown 2-3cm from the ground, it is necessary to collect. Need to choose which fruit to pick first. One hand holds the soil close to the foot of the mushroom, one hand is placed on the foot of the mushroom, pulling it straight up to produce the roots. Use a sharp knife to remove the root of each fruit and then add the mushroom to the basket. If the fungus is finished, if the surface of the bed is found to be concave, it must use additional reserve land. After picking each batch, spray water immediately to keep it moist.

If you do not sell fresh mushrooms, then cut and dry, or conduct salt mushrooms in plastic cans.

A.blazei mushroom growing rooms need to be clean and tight, as dark as possible. Do not open many doors. However, there must be a ventilation system.

After each batch of mushroom cultivation, it is necessary to stop 5 days to clean and disinfect the nursery room. Using powdered lime to sprinkle the whole workshop (5kg lime powder / 100m2) then use Formol concentration of 0.05% to spray. Burning for smoking for 5 hours. After 5 days to continue growing. Each year should be left for 3 months in case of not growing mushrooms to disinfect the factory.
The above is just a mixing formula using rice straw and mineral fertilizer, light powder.

The production environment can also be incubated in one of the following formulas:

1. Dry cattle manure (pig, buffalo, cow) 55%

40% dry straw
Oil dry 2 - 3%
1% plaster
Phosphate 0.5%
Water About 160%

2. 1000kg straw

40kg pepper powder
Horse manure 100kg
Urea 10kg
40kg super phosphate
20kg CaCO3
Land covered 500kg
Water is about 2500 liters

3. Horse manure 1000kg

100kg chicken manure
25kg plaster
Water 200 - 800 liters

4. Chicken manure (40% moisture) 800kg

1000kg dry straw
75kg plaster
5000 liters of water

5. 1000kg straw

100kg chicken manure
Gypsum 10-20kg
Water Create enough 65% moisture

Based on the above formulas, based on the locally available materials Agaricus blazei mushroom growers can build their own mixing formulas for testing.

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References:

1. Antitumor effect of a glucan preparation preparation extraction from Agaricus blazei in a double-grafted tumor system in mice.
Ebina T, Fujimiya Y. Division of Immunology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Miyagi, Japan.
Biotherapy 1998; 11 (4): 259-65
2. Selective tumoricidal effect of soluble proteoglucan extract from basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill, mediated via natural killer cell activation and apoptosis.
Fujimiya Y, Suzuki Y, Oshiman K, Kobori H, Moriguchi K, Nakashima H, Matumoto Y, Takahara S, Ebina T, Katakura R. Division of Immunology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998 May; 46 (3): 147-59
3. Anti-tumor polysaccharide from the mycelium of liquid-cultured Agaricus blazei mill.
Mizuno M, Minato K, Ito H, Kawade M, Terai H, Tsuchida H. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan.
Biochem Mol Biol Int 1999 Apr; 47 (4): 707-14
4. Tumor-specific cytocidal and immunopotentiating effects of relatively low weight weight product derived from basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill.
Fujimiya Y, Suzuki Y, R Katakura, Ebina T. Division of Immunology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.
Anticancer Res 1999 Jan-Feb; 19 (1A): 113-8
5. Polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei cerd T-cell lymphocyte in mice.
Mizuno M, Morimoto M, Minato K, Tsuchida H. Division of Science of Biological Resources, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998 Mar; 62 (3): 434-7
6. [A culturing method and pharmacological effects of Agaricus blazei].
[Article in Japanese]
Higaki M, Eguchi F, Watanabe Y. Lab. of Forest Products Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan.
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1997 Oct; 110 Suppl 1: 98P-103P
7. Antitumor effects of a new polysaccharide-protein complex (ATOM) prepared from Agaricus blazei (Iwade strain 101) "Himematsutake" and its mechanisms in tumor-bearing mice.
Ito H, Shimura K, Itoh H, Kawade M. Department of Pharmacology, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan.
Anticancer Res 1997 Jan-Feb; 17 (1A): 277-84
8. Inhibitory action of a (1 -> 6) -beta-D-glucan-protein complex (F III-2-b) isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill ("himematsutake") on Meth A fibrosarcoma-bearing mice and its antitumor mechanism.
Itoh H, Ito H, Amano H, Noda H. Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Japan.
Jpn J Pharmacol 1994 Oct; 66 (2): 265-71
9. [Antimutagenic and bactericidal substances in body fruit of a Basidiomycete Agaricus blazei, Jun-17].
[Article in Japanese]
Osaki Y, Kato T, Yamamoto K, Okubo J, Miyazaki T. Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Yakugaku Zasshi 1994 May; 114 (5): 342-50
10. Illustration for China popular edible mushroom
Yunnan Publishing Commune, 1999
11. Co Thong Nhung finances technical theory
Bac Ha Science and Technology Publishing Commune, 2003
12. Chinese pharmaceuticals used to produce reproductive bacteria
Central Agricultural Publishing House Commune, 2000

Nguyen Lan Dung, Duong Van Hop, Pham The Hai