Có gì trong những cuốn sổ tay của Leonardo da Vinci?

Leonardo da Vinci is probably best remembered as an artist with his Mona Lisa and "The Last Supper" fresco among the world's most famous masterpieces. But numerically, painting may be his least prominent contribution to the world. Leonardo has only 22 paintings on display around the world and a few hundred other personal paintings. Instead, the great man lived in the glory of Italy during the Renaissance in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, excelling in many fields, from architecture to science, mathematics, engineering.

His notebooks were filled with scientific observations, inferences, and hypotheses, many of which would be proven by independent researchers centuries later. He sketched the designs of countless types of engines and machines, many of which became a reality around the world. Some notebooks of the Italian genius show vision, observation and detection beyond the times.

Math

Obsessed with geometry, Leonardo made many measurements in nature, looking for relationships and patterns, then expressing through mathematics. He was particularly interested in human proportions. Based on the work of the Roman architect Vitruvius, Leonardo's 1487 ink drawing "The Vitruvius Man" depicts a man in two overlapping positions with his arms and legs extended inside the ring. circles and squares, explore the geometry of perfect proportions.

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man.

Leonardo summarizes the proportions of each body part to the other in the notes below the figure. The drawing also shows his belief that man is a microcosm of the entire universe. Leonardo was also interested in the golden ratio, a mathematical ratio that creates aesthetic harmony. Defined by length to width and equal to 1/1,618 (1,618 aka Phi), this is the "divine ratio". For example, in his unfinished "Saint Jerome" the figure of the priest is depicted precisely according to the golden ratio. Leonardo also applied the golden ratio when painting portraits of young women, including "Mona Lisa".

Leonardo also liked to draw ugly people. He was obsessed with contrast, putting the bad next to the beauty. He always had a notebook with him sketching the many faces in the crowd. In the late 1480s - early 1490s, Leonardo created many ugly, bizarre, and strange paintings of men, women and animals. Some images may be caricatures of local people, others are fun pictures. It is proof of Leonardo's ability to observe and understand psychology.

Architecture

Drawings and plans for buildings covered Leonardo's notebooks. He was fascinated by architectural aesthetics as well as church resonance. He was determined to discover a structural combination that would allow the vicar's voice to reach the farthest corners of the church. Leonard devised the teatro da predicare, the amphitheater-shaped amphitheater. He was officially appointed architect, painter, and engineer to King Francis I of France in 1515. Leonardo designed military fortresses to accommodate increased use of cannon, creating steep walls with sections wider legs to prevent the wall from weakening due to constant bombardment.

The shape of the bridge was designed by Leonardo da Vinci for King Bayezid II.

In 1502, King Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire commissioned Leonardo to design a bridge and Leonardo submitted the drawings. The bridge will have a span of nearly 275 meters, spanning the Golden Horn Bay in Istanbul with an arch high enough for ships to pass underneath. Given that Leonardo's bridge was not technically feasible, King Bayezid II did not choose the design, but modern architects have proven the king's decision to use Leonardo's design for construction. A bridge over a highway in Norway in 2001.

Nature

In the early 1490s, Leonardo twice traveled north to the Italian Alps. There, he jotted down his observations and drew sketches. He carefully described and recorded plants and animals, especially birds. These voyages led to the production of several remarkable thunderstorm drawings, illustrating the exact direction and strength of a downward stream of air known as wind shear.

Leonardo also examined fossils and soil formations. He drew some of the first modern scientific speculations about geology and natural history. His drawings of cliffs clearly show stratigraphy from different geologic periods. Most notably, he speculated that the Earth was much older than was thought at the time.

Leonardo's interest in nature gradually turned into careful study and observation at the end of the 15th century, when he lived in Milan. He kept a notebook dedicated to optics or the behavior of light. The whole book is presented very neatly, carefully, with meticulous drawings, integrating his knowledge of geometry, comparable to modern laboratory books.

Invention

Leonardo da Vinci's bird wing design.

Many modern inventions have been inspired by Leonardo's ideas, including parachutes, mirror grinders, scissors, movable bridges, mitre locks (used in canals) and spring actuators (mainly used in furniture) play). He may be most recognized in the field of flying, long before the first flying machines became a reality. The Italian genius created more than 500 sketches of flying machines and wrote more than 35,000 descriptive words.

Anatomy

Leonardo documents his study of human anatomy through drawings and accompanying notes, revealing details never before described, of which two are particularly notable. The first was an elderly man with atherosclerosis and blocked arteries. This was a diagnosis of heart disease hundreds of years before doctors recognized symptoms. Around the same time, Leonardo performed an autopsy on a child and found that the same type of blood vessel was not blocked.

In Leonardo's drawings, he also found a way to represent features from eight angles, in cross-sections, and multiple excisions that dissect multiple layers of muscle and tissue, revealing layers of structure. Leonardo was particularly interested in the human eye. He studied the structure of the eyes, their connection with other internal organs and their correct functioning. To better understand the human eye, Leonardo developed the technique of conducting dissection by dipping his eyes in egg whites and boiling them to make the specimen stronger and easier to handle. Rejecting the prevailing view at the time that the eye was an organ that emits invisible rays, Leonardo suggested that the eye was a receptive organ that could "see" through reflected light.