Instructions on how to read urine test results

When you hold a urine test result sheet, you will see a lot of parameters that you understand well. To help you better understand the results of the urine test, we will share with you some useful information on how to read the urine test results for your reference.

1. The composition of urine formulas

• SG (Specific Gravity): A sign that helps assess urine that is weak or concentrated (due to excessive drinking water or lack of water). Normally from 1.005 to 1.030.
• LEU or BLO (Leukocytes - Leukocytes): A sign that helps detect urinary tract infections. If positive means urinary tract infection, clean and drink plenty of water.
• NIT (Nitrit - Bacteria produced by bacteria): A sign of urinary tract infection.
• pH (Acidity): Normal from 4.6 to 8. Increased when kidney infections (increased or sometimes decreased), chronic renal failure, pyloric stenosis, vomiting; decreased when ketoacidosis caused by diabetes, dehydrated diarrhea.
• ERY (Red blood cells): Red blood cells appear in the urine when acute nephritis, glomerulonephritis, kidney failure, polycystic kidney, urinary tract infection, urine infection, cirrhosis .
• PRO (Protein): Signs of kidney disease, blood in the urine or urinary tract infection, helps detect pre-eclampsia in pregnancy.
• GLU (Glucose - Sugar): Glucose occurs in the urine when the kidney threshold is reduced, with tubular disease, diabetes, pancreatitis, and urinary glucose due to diet. Possible in pregnant women.
• ASC (Urine staining): Signs to help detect cells, urinary treatment for kidney infections, urinary tract, urinary tract stones .
• KET (Ketone - Xeton): Common signs of uncontrolled diabetes, low carbohydrate diet, alcoholism, long-term fasting. Occasionally, low levels of pregnancy occur.
• UBG (Urobilinogen): Signs to help detect cirrhosis, hepatitis caused by infections, viruses, congestive heart failure with jaundice .
• BIL (Billirubin - Orange pigment): Signs of liver disease or gallbladder.

2. How to read urine test results

The pH index evaluates the acidity of urine.

Leukocytes (LEU ca): white blood cells

• Normal: negative.
• Allowed indicators: 10-25 Leu / UL.
• When the urine contains white blood cells, the woman may be infected with bacteria or fungi (valuable to suggest a urinary infection, not confirmed). In the process of fighting against invading bacteria, some red blood cells are dead and cut into the urinary tract. You need nitrite testing to identify bacteria that cause inflammation.

Nitrate (NIT)

Often used to indicate urinary tract infection.

• Normally negative.
• Allowable index: 0.05-0.1 mg / dL.
• Bacteria that cause urinary infections create an enzyme that converts urinary nitrate into nitrite. So if you find nitrite in your urine it means you have a urinary tract infection. If positive is the most common infection is E. Coli.

Urobilinogen (UBG)

• Signs that there is a liver or gallbladder disease.
• Normally no.
• Allowed index: 0.2-1.0 mg / dL or 3.5-17 mmol / L.
• This product is made up of degeneration of bilirubin. It is also excreted in the body in feces. Only a small amount of urobilinogen is present in the urine. Urobilinogen in urine may be a sign of liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis) that causes the flow of bile from obstruction of the gallbladder.

Billirubin (BIL)

• Signs that there is a liver or gallbladder disease.
• Normally no.
• Allowable index: 0.4-0.8 mg / dL or 6.8-13.6 mmol / L.
• This is a product made up of degeneration of red blood cells. It comes out of the body through the stool. Normal Billirubin is not present in the urine. If billirubin occurs in the urine, the liver is damaged or the flow of bile from obstructed gallbladder.

Protein (pro): protein

• Signs of kidney disease, blood in the urine or infection
• Normally no
• Allowable index: trace (stain: okay); 7.5-20mg / dL or 0.075-0.2 g / L
• If the test finds protein in the urine, the condition of the woman may be related to the following conditions: dehydration, test samples containing mucus, urinary tract infection, hypertension, kidney problems . At the end of pregnancy, if a high amount of protein in the urine, pregnant women are at risk of pre-eclampsia, blood poisoning. If you have a pregnancy in your face and hands, increase your blood pressure (h140 / 90mmHg), you need to be tested for pre-eclampsia immediately. In addition, if albumin (a protein) detected in the urine also warns pregnant women at risk of pregnancy poisoning or diabetes.

PH index

• Evaluate the acidity of urine
• Normal: 4,6 - 8
• Used to check if urine is acidic or basic. pH = 4 means that urine is strongly acidic, pH = 7 is neutral (not acid, nor basic) and pH = 9 means strong basic urine.

Blood (BLD)

• Signs of urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or bleeding from the bladder or kidney tumors.
• Normally no.
• Permissible index: 0.015-0.062 mg / dL or 5-10 Ery / UL.
• Inflammation, disease, or damage to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra can cause blood to appear in the urine.

Specific Gravity (SG)

• Assess dilute or concentrated urine (due to excessive drinking or lack of water).
• Normal: 1,005 - 1,030.

Glucose is a common sign in diabetics.

Ketone (KET)

• Common signs of uncontrolled diabetes, low carbohydrate diet, alcoholism, long-term fasting.
• Normally there is no or sometimes low level for pregnant women.
• Allowable index: 2.5-5 mg / dL or 0.25-0.5 mmol / L.
• This is a substance that is released in the urinary tract, indicating that the pregnant woman and her baby are undernourished or have diabetes. When the amount of kentone is detected, accompanied by signs of anorexia, fatigue, and pregnancy, the doctor should prescribe infusion and medication. To reduce kentone levels, pregnant women should relax, rest and try not to skip any meal.

Glucose (Glu)

• Common signs in diabetics.
• Normally no or possible in pregnant women
• Allowable index: 50-100 mg / dL or 2.5-5 mmol / L
• Is a type of sugar in the blood. Normally, there is little or no glucose in the urine. When blood sugar in the blood is very high, such as uncontrolled diabetes, the sugar will escape to the urine. Glucose can also be found inside the urine when the kidney is damaged or ill.
• If you use a lot of sweet food before the test, the appearance of glucose in urine is normal. But if the amount of sugar in the second test is higher than the first, this is a warning sign that you are at risk for diabetes. If you have fatigue, always thirsty, lose weight, you should go to your doctor to get your blood sugar checked.

If there are signs, it is recommended to take a test to assess glucose tolerance for more accurate results.

ASC (Ascorbic Acid)

• Urine waste to assess kidney disease
• Allowable index: 5-10 mg / dL or 0.28-0.56 mmol / L

• Instructions on how to read blood test results
• Warning about health status from urine