Marie Curie - The most famous female doctor in the world

Marie Curie (1867 - 1934) was one of the pioneers who studied radioactive substances. Her accomplishments were great, affecting later physicists and confirmed by two famous Nobel Prizes. The discovery of neutrons by Sir James Chadwick and Irène's artificial radioactivity and Fréderic Jolio Curie are all derived from Curie's research works.

1. Early childhood.

Quartz crystal

On November 7, 1867 at Cracovie, a small town near the Polish capital Varsovie, Wladislaw Sklodowski and his science professor gave birth to the youngest girl named Marya Sklodowski. Since the presence of this girl, the Sklodowski family has had no luck and the mother has an incurable disease: tuberculosis, so, despite loving her children, Ms. Sklowdowski never dares to embrace them. Due to the lack of love from her mother, Marya often clung to her eldest sister, Zosia, to listen to fairy tales. In addition, Marya also preferred to watch her father's scientific toolbox, which contained many things: test tubes, barometer, miniature scales, geological rocks .

Marya's family life was less fun, the national situation was not brighter. Around 1872, when Marya was 5 years old, her Polish country was deeply torn by three empires: Russia, Germany and Austria. Her homeland is part of the Tsar's influence area. After the failed people's revolution in 1831, King Nicolas of Poland, under the shock of Russia, severely suppressed patriotic revolutionary elements: imprisonment, fullness, confiscation of property . In addition to In addition, the government deliberately applied a very inhumane way of education: the policy of ignorance. At that time, science and philosophy began to flourish in Europe, yet the ideas of Auguste Comte, Darwin, Pasteur's inventions, Faraday . failed to reach Poland.

In that situation, the little girl Marya stole school books. On the surface, she did not seem to be intelligent, outstanding, but on the contrary, with a slightly long face, with hazy brown eyes, she also showed a dull look. However, the famous Marya girl learned well from an early age. Always inferior to 2 to 3 year olds, in which subject she also leads the class: From major subjects such as math, history, literature to minor subjects such as French, German and even Bible .

When Marya was 10 years old, her beloved sister and confidant, Zosia, was killed by a contagious disease brought by her classmates: lice. Then, after a long time, the mother after many years of devastating pulmonary tuberculosis died, leaving her husband burdened with four young children: one Joseph and three girls Hela, Bronia and Marya, all in school age.

In 1883, Marya was 16 years old, finished high school and graduated with a compliment from the jury. At that time Joseph was studying at the University of Medicine, Bronia also finished high school and wanted to become a doctor but at that time, the Medical School did not accept any female students, so she had to ask to go. teaching.

Piezoelectricity

In 1884, Sister Bronia went to France to study at the University of Paris. The reason why Bronia chose France in part because Sorbonne University is a school with many famous professors, but also because France is a Free country, the wish of all world students at that time. as for every age. In France, all different ideas are received, which is an indispensable condition for all the scientific and artistic advances. While Sister Bronia studied to become a veterinarian in Paris, in Poland, Marya asked for a leg of a professor in a remote countryside.

2. Study abroad period.

Young career typing is not a job that Marya likes. After six years of prolonged dry life, Marya decided in 1891 to write to Bronia, asking her to help her to study abroad in France. On the day of the journey, Marya hesitantly told her father: "Father, I will not go long, about two or three years after school, I will return to live with my father forever". But Marya did not keep this sincere promise. A scientist, a husband, a confidant friend kept her in France, that person was Pierre Curie.

When living in France, to make her name easy to read, Marya "transcribed" her name into French to Marie: Marie Sklodowski. Marie did not study Medicine, Dentistry or Pharmacy as the favorite subjects of women at the time. Somehow, she chose pure science. During the initial encounter with language difficulties, Marie was guided by a young, talented professor: Professor Paul Appell. In addition, she was educated with Professors Gabriel Lippmann and Edmond Bouty. She also met famous physicists of the time such as Jean Perrin, Charles Maurain and Aimé Cotton .

The life of an international student is very hard, with a hardship that hindered learning, it is a matter of money: food, school fees, shopping money, bus money on two school days. In the winter in Paris, it was as cold as the skin, but this brave Marie got into her studies and God did not work for the person who had: after three years of studying, she took the first place in the graduation exam and was issue a Bachelor of Science degree in 1893 and the following year, second place in the exam for a Bachelor of Mathematics degree. After she finished studying, Marie intended to return to her home country, but due to her knowledge of the full scope of her theory, she wanted to serve the Country not only with the position of Professor but with the talent of an engineer, Marie wanted Helping people with more realistic works.

In 1893, due to the introduction of Mrs. Dydynska, who was also Polish, Marie asked for Alexandrowitch scholarship to study iron and steel training. She was introduced to a young Professor, studying the magnetic phenomena of cast iron substances: Professor Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie was born on April 19, 1859 in Paris, the second son of Dr. Eugène Curie. At the age of 16, Pierre passed a high school diploma and, at the age of 18, passed a Bachelor of Science, and was accepted as a Lecturer at the University of Paris in 1878. Upon graduation, Pierre Curie joined with his brother, Jacques, immersed in experiments: They studied piezoelectricity of crystals, especially of quartz crystals.

In 1883, Jacques was appointed Professor at Montpellier University and Pierre was the chief lecturer of the School of Physics (Ecole de Physique et de Chimie). In 1895, Pierre Curie passed with a Doctor of Science and in the spring of 1894, during the study of the electromagnetic phenomenon of cast iron, Pierre Curie met Marie Sklodowski to learn more experience. When he met her Bachelor of Science and Mathematics at the Sorbonne University, Pierre saw a sympathy and respect for this talented young woman. At that time Pierre was 35 years old, he was still single because he was still engrossed in research. After several meetings and discussions with Marie about Science, he saw right away at the silhouette of the ideal wife. For Marie, after her first love in Poland was broken, she wanted to eliminate love. She found Pierre worthy but because he remembered the old father, who vowed to study quickly to return to live with his father and serve the Polish Fatherland, she left Paris. When seeing Marie back home, Pierre said as pleading: "You are talented. You should return to France to study Science. You have no right to abandon Science . "

Marie Sklodowski was the first engineer in Poland but at the time, people did not believe in the talent of women so she was not used. After being depressed, in less than a year, Marie decided to return to France, she could not abandon Science, far from Pierre. Ten months later, Marie accepted to marry Pierre. The simple celebration of the celebration on July 25, 1895: apart from family members like Doctor Eugène who was Pierre's father, Professor Sklodowski was Marie's father, Bronia and his wife, Jacques, they Just invite a few close friends. At this new family, only Pierre earns money, but the money is not much, and Marie has not yet obtained a job, Marie is just a good student, a talented scientist. After two Bachelor's degrees, Marie passed a Master of Science degree and continued her research on the magnetic phenomenon of cast iron. In July 1897, Marie gave birth to the first girl, named Irène. From now on, the Curie family has new needs. Fortunately, Pierre asked for his wife to work as an assistant in his Physics laboratory and from now on, began the career of the world's number one female scientist.

3. Scientific Research.

Upon reading the research articles of physicist Henri Becquerel and after asking her husband's opinion, Marie Curie was determined to explore into the physical forest, still dim, few people knew. At that time, only strange substances were characterized by emitting light but no one knew how many such substances and how these substances and their rays differed. Physicists collectively name these substances as "radioactive substances". After Roentgen found X-rays, the scientist Henri Becquerel thought that radioactivity had the same origin as X-rays. Henri Becquerel then based on the idea and did many experiments with Urane's radiation. like experiments with X-rays and have found that the two rays have the same properties. Becquerel wondered why radioactivity and radioactive materials got their energy, even though the energy was very small, to analyze and emit light. Becquerel's research is just the beginning. The knowledge of radioactive laws must wait for the two geniuses Pierre and Marie Curie to discover.

Newly researched for a while, Marie Curie has found that not all Urane is radioactive but that the stone contains only a very small amount of radioactive material. Although she understood that the percentage of radioactive substances in Urane was small, Mrs. Curie did not know how much it was. She thinks that ratio is about a thousandth. In fact, when people know exactly, that ratio is much smaller: one millionth. But the merits of Mr. and Mrs. Curie are to make the science world know that there are many different radioactive substances, although many substances are only variants of each other and there are non-radioactive substances such as lead, gold . are also variables of radioactive substances. This opinion is very important because it is possible to find a way to destroy the atom and create an atomic bomb later.

Initially, Mrs. Curie found two different radioactive substances, the first in the summer of 1891 and was named "Polonium" by her grandmother in memory of her dear Poland, the second substance called by name " Radium ", discovered a few months later. But the works of Mr. and Mrs. Curie have not been accepted immediately by the scientific community. Many skeptics do not recognize two substances Polonium and Radium. They argue that each substance must have reason and chemistry. So what is Radium's atomic mass and molecular mass? What is the affinity for radium? What is its salt? What color it ? What is the flow? Many questions made up for two young scientists. To answer the skeptical chemists, Pierre and Marie Curie had to find pure Radium.

Radium-containing materials are pechblend.

Pechblend is a substance used in the glass industry. This substance is very expensive and the amount of Radium in it is not much. With a tight salary, how did the two doctors learn how to continue the research? Fortunately, there was a Belgian glass industry technician who listened to the Mr. and Mrs. Curie, who were willing to take them to France for two pechblend trucks that the factory did not use. Another lucky thing: Mr. Pierre obtained an old house from the University of Science, and Mr. and Mrs. Curie immediately contained pechblend and put it here in the laboratory.

For 4 years from 1898 to 1902, after clearing 8 tons of pechblend, two scientists found 1 gram of pure Radium. This is the world's first Radium gamble and its value is up to 750,000 gold coins. Radium is the most expensive needle. From now on Radium has been officially "born" by Mr. and Mrs. Curie, its cubic molecule is 225.

In 1898, the Sorbonne University was lacking a Physics Professor's leg. Pierre applied for a higher salary. But since he did not study any pedagogical college or Polytechnic, he was rejected. In 1900, Pierre Curie asked a professor at the Polytechnic at 2,500 a year. With this salary, the Curie family is still not enough to consume. Meanwhile, the University of Geneva, Switzerland, suddenly sent a letter inviting Pierre to take up the position of Professor of Physics with an annual salary of 10,000, and was given two assistants and a full research room. What an unexpected luck. Unfortunately, Geneva was too far away, the Belgian glass company refused to carry pechblend there. Between science and money, Pierre chose Science and wrote a letter to thank the Dean of the University of Geneva.

It was long after Pierre Curie was invited by the Vice Dean of the Sorbonne University to teach Physics for Physical Chemistry (SPCN) and Mrs. Curie was accepted as Professor of the Pedagogical College (Ecole Normale Superieure). for female students at Sèvres. The family budget has been positive, and from now on, both Curie can be assured of serving for Science.

In 1902, the results of the discovery of Radium were published . Professor Mascart, due to his love for Mr. Curie, tried to persuade him to apply for the Academy of Science, but on the day of the vote, the Korean men accepted the opposition candidate Amagat. At this time, Professor Paul Appell was appointed Dean of the Paris University of Science. In order to comfort Pierre, Appell asked the Minister of French Education to award an honorary medal to the scientist and before giving the medal, Appell begged Mrs. Curie to encourage her husband to accept the medal. But Mr. Pierre refused because he only needed a laboratory, no need to wear a chest. Throughout his life, Pierre Curie always hoped to create a research facility that everyone who wanted to find radioactive materials was free to use.

After the Radium substance was discovered, Mr. and Mrs. Curie's reputation went out of France. Since 1900, university institutes, research centers in England, Germany, Denmark, and the United States . have sent letters to Mr. and Mrs. Curie about Radium. Physicists raced to learn about radioactivity such as Boltzmann, Crookes, Paulsen, Ramsay . they found more new substances such as Mesothorium, Ionium, Protactinium, radioactive lead, radioactive Helium gas .

Mrs. Curie and 2 daughters

In 1903, Ms. Curie was awarded a Doctor of Science degree by Sorbonne University , at the best level with compliments from the Jury on the thesis "Research on radioactive substances" and also this year, the Science Society The Royal Family sent a letter inviting the Curie scientists to a speech in England. Soon after, Sweden voted to award the Nobel Prize for 1903 to Physics, half for Mr. Henri Becquerel, half for Mr. and Mrs. Curie for the discovery of radioactive material. Mr. and Mrs. Curie received 10,000 gold coins. But as soon as the news of the Nobel Prize was received, the two scholars encountered many troubles: The curious, the journalists had surrounded the house, made a lot of noise, causing busy for two scientists. . Mr. and Mrs. Curie liked the quiet to work, so they were uneasy when the curious people wanted to treat their grandparents as silver stars. Mrs. Curie had to say, "In science, we should only pay attention to things and don't think of characters."

After foreign countries recognized the truth, Pierre Curie was known to France. In 1904, he was appointed by the Director of Sorbonne University to be the true Master of Physics. Before accepting the offer, he made a request to create a laboratory. This time, the French Ministry of Education no longer does such nonsense as attaching a medal to the scholar, but is willing to build a research center, accepting Curie the female doctor to be the Head of Physics, under husband and back rights for two additional assistants. Also in 1904, two other scientists had another good news: Mrs. Curie gave birth to the second and youngest girl: Eve Curie. In 1905, Pierre Curie was elected to the Academy of Sciences.

But glory does not come to his house for a long time. On April 19, 1904, after leaving the publishing house of Gauthier-Villars to go home, it was unclear what Pierre Curie was busy thinking about while crossing the street, he was hit by a horse cart, broken his brain right above. Dauphine road in Paris. Pierre Curie was an excellent physicist, one of the founders of New Physics. To remember the scientist Pierre Curie, on May 13, 1906, the Sorbonne University specifically invited Mrs. Curie to replace her husband in the position of Professor. Marie Curie is the first female Professor at the Sorbonne University, Paris.

Marie Curie became the true Professor of the Sorbonne University in 1908. In the same year, she published the title book "Pierre Curie's Works". In 1910, Marie Curie's "Investigation of Radioactivity" (Traité de Radioactivité) was a work containing the latest scientific knowledge of that period in the field of radiological studies.

4. The second Nobel Prize.

Marie Curie's reputation is booming. Many foreign universities send her Honorary Doctorate degrees.

In 1910, France intended to give her the Knight Medal, but Mrs. Curie refused because of thinking about Mr. Curie's attitude before. Several months later, many friends advised her to run for the Academy of Science. Encouraging her to have a university scientist Henri Poincaré, Dr. Roux, Professor Emile Picard, Lippmann, Bouty and Darboux professors . but to the election, physicist Edouard Branly won the vote. Is it true that Korean men are still inferior to women, so Curie is not admitted? Once again, Sweden corrects the mistakes of France: In December 1911, Marie Curie was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work to find Radium. Mrs. Curie is the only one who has won twice the Nobel Prize, far more than the old and present scientists, including men and women.

Since 1911, Polish intellectuals intend to establish a radioactive research facility in Varsovie and they intend to invite Marie Curie to her home country, running the research center. In May 1912, a delegation of Polish professors went to France, found Mrs. Curie. Marie Curie at this time was drawn between the old-fashioned memories and memories of Mr. Pierre with the expectation of a Radium Institute being built in Paris. Finally Mrs. Curie sent a letter of refusal. She put her trust in the research talents of two Poles who once served her.

In 1913, Marie Curie went to Poland to attend the opening ceremony of a radioactive material research facility . She spoke about Science in her mother tongue to a huge audience. In July 1914, the Radium Paris Institute was completed at Pierre Curie Road. This is the "Castle of the Future", where Pierre Curie had longed to live there to study and explore, and now Marie continues to volunteer for her husband.

The First World War broke out. Unlike many women, Mrs. Curie did not go into the nurses' group but thought about the shortage of hospitals about the radiology room. She then set up a car and then with her daughter Irène, used this optical car, took care of the wounded in many fronts. As the number of wounded soldiers increased, Marie Curie had to install 220 more radiology rooms both on the vehicle and on the ground. She used both the unique and invaluable Radium gamut to treat war victims. In addition, the demand for radiologists has led Ms. Curie to offer a training class to the French Government. This program is implemented at the Radium Institute and teaching professors, including Curie, Irène Curie and Ms Marthe Klein.

In 1918, World War ended, bringing peace in France and independence for Poland, after a century and a half of being occupied. For years, Mrs. Curie brought all her energy and money to contribute to the fight against foreign aggression. She gave the French Government the Nobel prize money. The war has caused her research to be interrupted and her health deteriorated.

In May 1920, Marie Curie met with reporter William Brown Meloney. In the story, Curie said she needed a gram of Radium to continue her research, which was too expensive. As touched and admired, Meloney returned to the United States to open a poll of American women to buy Radium to give to the noble house. Meloney urged her to invite Mrs. Curie to the United States, but Curie was afraid of the crowd, apprehensive of the reputation of advertising, but in the end, she had to accept. In early May 1921, Marie Curie and her two daughters went to the Olympic ship to America.

On May 20, US President Warren G. Harding honored Marie Curie a gram of Radium . In Philadelphia, Curie was awarded honorary degrees, gifts, 50 grams of Mesothorium and John Scott Medal of the American Philosophical Society. In addition, Ms. Curie is an Honorary Doctor of Pittsburgh and Columbia Universities. Mrs. Curie returned to the ship on June 28 of that year.

Due to the invention of radiation therapy, in early 1922, the Academy of Medicine of Paris elected Curie as a member. In February of that year, Ms. Curie also became the first female scientist of the Academy of French Sciences. The reputation of Marie Curie resounded. She was delighted to welcome at A Can Dinh, in Y, Hoa Lan, Belgium, Czechoslovakia . On May 15, 1922, the League of Nations designated Marie Curie as a member of the International Education Organization.

Marie Curie's wish was to see an established Radium Institute at Varsovie. The construction project took shape in 1925 and Mrs. Curie went to Poland to place the first stone for the Institute. When construction was completed, the Radium Varsovie Institute lacked Radium to study. In October 1929, Marie Curie returned to the United States. Here, she was very well received, just as she did before, and the United States once again helped the female doctor. On May 29, 1932, Polish Radium Institute was inaugurated in accordance with the wishes of the famous female scientist.

When she was 60 years old, Marie Curie was still enthusiastically working 12 hours a day. Under her guidance from 1919 to 1934, 483 scientific works were popularized by physicists and chemists of the Radium Institute, and among these scientific studies, Mrs. Curie alone had 31 work.

Since December 1933, Mrs. Curie's health has declined. She had to eat according to the doctor's instructions and sometimes, she returned to the countryside to live in a peaceful atmosphere. Then during an outing in May 1934, Mrs. Curie caught a cold. Despite the doctor's advice, she still works for nostalgic research time in the laboratory. Mrs. Curie caught a cold. The condition lasts for months. People saw her lying in bed in white clothes with snow-white hair, and under her wide forehead, her eyes closed, her arms were released to reveal her bony hands were radioactive rays are patchy. Marie Curie stopped breathing on July 4, 1934 at Sancellemoz Hospital, although well-trained doctors were devoted to treatment. Marie Curie died of hemorrhage (leukemia) caused by radiation from Radium itself.

At noon on Friday, July 6, 1934, the funeral of the noble house was celebrated at the graveyard of Sceaux. Her coffin was placed on Pierre Curie's coffin, according to her wish to be near her husband as well as to die.

Marie Curie is the first famous female scientist of the scientific world. Bà đã đi tiên phong trong công cuộc khảo cứu chất phóng xạ. Ngoài việc phụng sự Khoa Học, bà Marie Curie còn là một nữ công dân có lòng ái quốc nhiệt thành, không những đối với Quê Hương mà còn với cả Tổ Quốc mà bà nhìn nhận. Bà Marie Curie quả là nhân vật đã thực hiện hoàn toàn câu nói của Đại Văn Hào người Pháp Victor Hugo: "Phụng sự Tổ Quốc mới chỉ là một nửa. Nửa kia là phụng sự Nhân Loại ".